Choking (also known as foreign airway obstruction) is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by a blockage of airways into the lungs secondary to inhalation or ingestion of food or other objects. Choking is caused by an airway mechanical obstruction that prevents normal breathing. This obstruction may be partial (allowing several airways to the lungs) or complete (no air passages to the lungs). Respiratory disorders are normal because choking robs the delivery of oxygen to the body, which causes asphyxia. Although oxygen stored in the blood and lungs can keep a person alive for several minutes after the breathing stops, the sequence of events is potentially fatal. Choking is the fourth most common cause of accident-related injury deaths in the US in 2011.
According to the National Safety Council, deaths from choking are most common in very young children (children under 1 year) and in the elderly (adults over 75 years). Airway obstruction may occur at the pharyngeal or tracheal level. Foods that can adapt to pharynx (like bananas, marshmallows, or gelatin gels) can be a hazard not only for children but for people of all ages.
Choking is one type of airway obstruction, which includes blockage of the airways, including tumor blockage, swollen airway tissue, and compression of the laryngopharynx, larynx or vertebrate trachea in strangulation.
Video Choking
Symptoms and signs
- Difficulty or inability to speak or cry
- Inability or difficulty breathing. Breathing, including inhalation or wheezing may be present
- A great, intentional cough, or vomiting may be present
- The more serious choking victims will have limited ability (if any) to produce these symptoms because they require at least some air movement.
- The person may start grasping his throat or mouth, or trying to vomit it by placing the fingers in his throat
- The person's face becomes blue (cyanosis) due to lack of oxygen, if breathing does not recover.
- The person may become unconscious, if his breathing does not recover.
Complications
- Brain damage usually occurs when the body is seized from the air for three minutes.
- Death will usually occur if breathing does not recover within six to eight minutes.
Maps Choking
Cause
Choking is caused by an object from outside the body, also called a foreign body, blocking the airway. Objects can block upper or lower air ducts. Airway obstruction is usually partial but can also be complete.
Among children, the most common cause of choking is food, coins, toys, and balloons. In one study, peanuts were the most common object found in children's airway evaluated to estimate the aspiration of a foreign body. High-risk choking foods include hot dogs, hard candies, nuts, whole grains, whole grapes, raw carrots, apples, popcorn, peanut butter, marshmallows, chewing gum, and sausages. The most common cause of death chokes in children is a latex balloon. Small non-food items such as spheres, marbles, toys, and toys are also associated with a high risk of choking death because of their potential to block a child's airway.
Children younger than three are particularly at risk of choking because they are exploring the environment by putting things in their mouths. In addition, young children still develop the ability to chew food completely. Molar teeth, which come about 1.5 years, are needed to grind the food. Even after molar teeth are present, children continue to develop the ability to chew food completely and swallow it throughout childhood. In addition, the child's airway is smaller than the adult airway, which means smaller objects can cause airway obstruction in children. Infants and young children produce less severe coughs than adults, so coughing is not effective in reducing airway obstruction. Finally, children with neuromuscular disorders, developmental delays, traumatic brain injury, and other conditions that affect ingestion are at increased risk of choking.
In adults, choking often involves food that blocks the airway. Risk factors include using alcohol or sedatives, undergoing procedures involving the oral cavity or pharynx, using oral equipment, or having medical conditions that cause difficulty in swallowing or impairing cough reflexes. Conditions that may cause difficulty swallowing and/or cough disorders include neurological conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, or Parkinson's disease. In older adults, risk factors also include living alone, wearing dentures, and difficulty swallowing.
Children and adults with neurological, cognitive or psychiatric disorders may experience delays in diagnosis because there may not be a known history of foreign objects entering the airway.
Prevention
Providers such as pediatricians and dentists can provide parents and caregivers with information about what foods and toys appropriate for age to prevent choking. The American Academy of Pediatricians recommends waiting until the age of 6 months before introducing solid foods to babies. Caregivers can watch over children while eating or playing. In addition, caregivers can avoid giving younger children out of 5 high-risk choking foods such as hot dog pieces, cheese sticks, cheese slices, hard candy, peanuts, grapes, marshmallows, or popcorn. Parents, teachers, nannies, and other caregivers for children get training to strangle first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
In the US, toy manufacturers and children's products must follow the requirements to prevent choking and include appropriate warning labels. However, resold toys may not be marked with warning labels. Carers can try to prevent choking by considering toy features (such as size, shape, consistency, small parts) before giving it to a child. Children's products that are found to pose a choking risk can be withdrawn.
Treatment
Choking is treated with a number of different procedures, with both basic techniques available for first aid and more sophisticated techniques available to health professionals.
Basic Treatment
Basic choking treatments include a number of non-invasive techniques to help remove foreign objects from the airways. Most modern protocols, including the American Heart Association and the American Red Cross, recommend several stages, designed to apply more pressure. For conscious choking victims, most protocols suggest to encourage the victim to cough, followed by a hard slap on the back and if nothing works; a stomach push ( Heimlich Maneuver ) or a chest thrust. After the choking victim loses consciousness, initiating CPR is recommended.
Cough
If the choking individual is conscious and coughing, the American Red Cross recommends encouraging individuals to continue coughing. The American Red Cross recommends that if a choking person can not cough or if the cough is ineffective, to move on to another method, described below.
Back Blows (or Slaps)
Mayo Clinic recommends use of back blows to help rescue choking victims. The back kick was done by leaning the strangling victim forward, then delivering the blow with the heel of the hand to the victim's back, between their shoulder blades. If a back slap is done, they should be performed with the head lower than the chest (ie, bending people when you slap them hard between the shoulder blade with the heel of the palm); otherwise, it can push the object deeper into the person's throat.
Thrust Stomach (Heimlich Maneuver)
Although the American Heart Association cites back effective slap to eliminate choking, the organization recommends using a stomach push for simplicity, followed by a chest impulse, if a stomach push is ineffective. A stomach puncture is performed with the rescuer standing behind the choking person and exerting pressure in and up with their hands in the choker's stomach. The goal of a stomach drive is to create the pressure that will drive out any object lodged in the airway upward to revive the obstruction.
"Five and Five" Techniques
The American Red Cross recommends alternating strategies of five back slaps and five stomach drives for everyone to choke unconsciously until objects block air ducts dislodged. If people are choking to be unconscious, basic CPR is recommended.
Sweep Finger
If the victim suffocates becomes unconscious, the American Medical Association recommends to wipe the fingers behind the throat to try to remove airway obstruction. However, many modern protocols recommend the use of a finger sweep since, if the patient is conscious, they will be able to remove the foreign object itself, or if they are unconscious, the savior should just put them in a recovery position as this allows (to some extent) drainage fluid out of the mouth is not down the trachea due to gravity. There is also the risk of causing further damage (eg encouraging vomiting) by using a sweeping technique. No studies have examined the usefulness of the technique of sweeping fingers when no object is visible in the airways. Recommendations for the use of finger sweeps have been based on anecdotal evidence.
Self-care
Heimlich maneuver (abdominal drive) can be done or can be done alone. The self-giving of this maneuver requires the position of one's own stomach on a chair, fence, or table and moves the belly on an object with a sharp thrust up. It serves as a substitute for the drive made by hand by others. One study showed that self-administered stomachs were as effective as those done by others, although obese individuals were not included in the study. Self-help choking device is another self-care option. This tool is used to produce inward and upward styles of traditional belly drives. Several sources of evidence suggest that one promising approach to self-care during choking can be by applying a lower-head position (upside down).
Special Care Population
Baby (Less than 1 year)
For children less than 1 year old, the American Heart Association recommends conducting 5 back stroke cycles (or slaps) followed by 5 chest compressions. This cycle of 5 back blows then 5 chest compressions are repeated until the object comes out of the baby's airway or until the baby becomes unresponsive. If the baby becomes unresponsive, the American Heart Association recommends starting CPR. The reason that a stomach push is not recommended in children younger than 1 year is because they can cause liver damage.
Pregnant or Obese Person
The American Heart Association recommends a chest encouragement rather than a stomach boost for people who are pregnant or obese who are choking. Chest pitching is done in a way similar to a stomach push, but with a change in the placement of a rescue hand. The hand is placed at the bottom of the chest of the choked victim, at the base of the breastbone or breastbone, not above the center of the abdomen, as in a traditional belly push. A strong inner impulse is then applied.
Advanced Care
There are many advanced medical treatments to relieve airway obstruction or respiratory tract. This includes an airway examination with a laryngoscope or a bronchoscope and removal of the object under direct vision. A severe case where there is an inability to remove an object may require cricothyrotomy (an emergency tracheostomy). Cryothyrotomy involves making incisions in the patient's neck and inserting a tube into the trachea to bypass the upper airway. This procedure is usually only done when other methods fail. In many cases, emergency tracheostomy can save a patient's life, but if done incorrectly, it can end the patient's life.
Epidemiology
Choking is the fourth most common cause of accident-related injury deaths in the US. Many episodes were not reported for being short and finished without seeking medical attention. Among reported events, most of the episodes (80%) occurred among children younger than 15, with fewer episodes (20%) between the ages of 15 and older. The death rate due to choking is low in most ages but increasing starting around age 74. Choking due to foreign bodies resulted in 162,000 deaths (2.5 per 100,000) by 2013, compared to 140,000 deaths (2.9 per 100,000) in 1990.
Famous cases
- Former US President George W. Bush survived the pretzels on January 13, 2002, an event that received massive media coverage.
- Jimmie Foxx, a famous Premiership Baseball player, died of choking bones.
- Tennessee Williams, a playwright, reportedly died after choking on the bottle cap. This is then disputed.
- Queen Elizabeth The Empress Mother in particular experienced three major choking incidents in which the fish bone snagged in her throat: initially on November 21, 1982, when she was taken from the Royal Lodge to King Edward VII Hospital for surgery at 3 am; second in August 1986 at Balmoral, when he was taken to the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, although no surgery was required; and in May 1993, when he was treated at Aberdeen Infirmary once again for surgery under general anesthesia.
- Air Marshal Subroto Mukerjee, Air Force Chief of Staff of the Indian Air Force (IAF), died on November 8, 1960 in Tokyo by strangling a piece of food lodged in his throat.
- Dr. Henry Heimlich, at the age of 96, rescued a colleague from a resident resident's home from choking in late May 2016.
- Praful Bidwai is an Indian political analyst and commentator, a social science researcher, and an activist on issues of peace, global justice, human rights and environmental protection. He died of choking on June 23, 2015 while attending a conference in Amsterdam.
- American rapper Prodigy of Mobb Deep died of a choking accidentally.
See also
- Lung aspiration
- Basic airway management
- BLS
References
External links
- Choke in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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