Different livestock production systems feed have their own advantages and disadvantages. Most cattle in the US have diets consisting of at least some forage (grass, beans, or silage). In fact, most beef cattle have been raised in grasslands from birth in spring to autumn (7 to 9 months). Then for grass-fed animals, grasses are the foods that make up all or at least most of their food. Livestock is found in feeding sites fed a small amount of straw with wheat, soybeans and other ingredients to increase the energy density of the diet. The debate is whether cows should be raised on a diet consisting mainly of grasslands (grass) or concentrated diets of whole grains, soybeans, corn and other supplements. The problem is often complicated by political interests and confusion between labels such as "free range", "organic", or "natural". The cattle raised in the forage diet are mainly called grass eating or raised in the meadow; such as meat or milk can be called grass-fed beef or milk kept in the meadow. However, the term "raised grassland" can cause confusion with the term "free range", which does not accurately describe what animals eat.
Video Cattle feeding
Type
Shepherding
Animals graze on pastures, meadows, and pastures and with little or no integration of the plants involved. About 60% of the world's pasture land is covered by grazing systems. The milling system supplies about 9 percent of the world's meat production, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization statistics.
Integrated agricultural crop farming
Animal production is integrated with crop production. In addition, livestock such as cows are mainly fed in pastures, crop residues, and fallow. The integrated agricultural system aims to achieve acceptable benefits and high and sustainable production levels. The mixed farming system is the largest category of livestock systems in the world.
Industrial production
Animals are fed in soilless environments such as stalls, cages, and feeding sites in very high stocking densities. Intensive farming or animal industry came from the United States in the late 1930s. This results in an integrated production model, in which large companies control most aspects of livestock in the food industry, processing animals into food products, and selling to consumer markets.
Industrial production systems differ from grazing systems and integrated crop farming systems by including various substances such as veterinary medicine, growth hormone, feed additives, or nutraceuticals to increase the effectiveness of livestock production.
Maps Cattle feeding
Eat grass
Grasses and other forage foods make up most or most of the grass-fed foods. There is a debate about whether cows should be raised on a diet consisting mainly of grasslands (grass) or concentrated diets of grains, soybeans, and other supplements. The problem is often complicated by political interests and confusion between labels such as "free range", "organic", and "natural". Livestocks raised in the forage diet are mainly called grass eating or raised in grasslands; meat or milk can be called grass-fed cows or farms raised in grasslands. However, the term "pasture grazing" can cause confusion with the term "free range" that does not describe what animals eat. Thus, cattle can be labeled free range but do not need to be fed grass. Another term is "grass-so", whose livestock is generally held to a higher standard in terms of softness and marbling. However, labels generally do not have strict rules.
Eat corn
Livestock called "corn meal", "grain feeding", or "corn-finish" is usually fattened on corn, soybeans, and other types of feed for several months before slaughter. As a high-energy food, high-energy foods, corn reduces the time to fatten cows and increase carcass yields. Some cows fed corn are fattened in a concentrated animal feeding operation known as animal feed.
In the United States, most grass-fed livestock is raised for beef production. Dairy cows can be supplemented with wheat to improve production efficiency and reduce the area needed to support the flock's energy needs.
More and more health and environmental advocates in the United States such as the Union of Concerned Scientists advocate the upkeep of livestock in grasslands and other forages. Adopting complete farming practices such as grass-fed beef production systems will increase the amount of forage land needed to raise livestock but reduce the agricultural land used to feed them.
Country only
Canada
The majority of beef cattle in Ontario finishes with a corn meal (maize), while Western Canadian beef is finished with a barley based diet. This rule is not absolute, because producers in both regions will change the grain mixture in accordance with changes in feed prices. Research by the Ontario government claims that, while Alberta beef producers have organized successful marketing campaigns promoting wheat-fed beef, corn beef and barley beef have the same cost, quality and taste.
Regulations on the use of veterinary drugs in livestock and drug residue testing programs ensure that grocery products are free of residues of antibiotics or synthetic hormones used in farm animals.
The Animal Nutrition Association of Canada has developed a comprehensive HACCP system for feed production called FeedAssure. This mandatory HACCP-based program includes requirements for independent audits of feed plants including production and record keeping processes. The Canadian Breeders Association has also developed a farm-based food safety program HACCP.
The complete HACCP system is mandatory for all federally inspected companies. This system includes a prerequisite program, which is a common procedure or good manufacturing practice that improves food safety for all meat production processes. HACCP plans to build on this foundation and is designed to control the potential hazards for a particular production process.
Alberta beef
The Canadian province of Alberta has a very large area (similar to Texas) and has over 210,000 km 2 (81,000 sq., Mi) of agricultural land, or about four times as much as Ontario. Since much of the land is better suited for livestock grazing than growing plants, it raises 40 percent of livestock in Canada - about five million heads. The other three western provinces are also blessed with grazing land, so nearly 90 percent of Canadian beef cattle are raised in Alberta and other western provinces. Alberta is outside the belt of corn because the climate is generally too cool and too dry to grow corn for grain. The adjacent western provinces and northern US states are the same, so the use of maize as livestock feed is confined to this northern latitudes. As a result, some cattle were raised in corn as feed. The majority grew up on the grass and finished on cold tolerant grains such as barley. It has become a beef marketing feature.
Alberta is the center of Canada's western beef industry and has 70% of its fattening capacity and 70% of the beef processing capacity in Canada. Under World Trade Organization rules, all processed beef in Alberta is regarded as Alberta Beef, although it includes many cattle raised in nearby provinces and US states. These cattle have the same quality, so Alberta Beef has become a consumer-branded product different from corn-fed beef in most of the US and Ontario. However, it is really a product brand rather than an indication of origin, as many beef may have been raised in other provinces or US states.
United States
According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) there are 25-33 million head of cattle that move through commercial and custom livestock commercials every year. The USDA monthly "Feed on the Feed" report is available for public viewing.
Animal feed company is an industry where millions of dollars move through private and private cattle feeding facilities each year. Livestock feeding is based on the commodity market mechanism. Both corn and cattle are bought and sold through commodity market prices. This makes a huge variation in the end result of profit and loss within the company. However, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange provides options or hedges for manufacturers to flatten volatility and price risk. In addition, forward contracts and upfront payments for feedstuffs negate variations on both commodities.
There are many segments of the USA cow business:
- Seedling Seeds , in which producers breed for better genetics
- Beef/calf , where farmers and farmers raise cattle and calves for commercial production
- Stocker/grower , in which the manufacturer places a lightweight calf at the grass, wheat or corn stew
- Grow yard/backrounding facilities, where high forage feeds are fed to light weight feeders weighing 350 to 500 pounds (160 to 230 kg) to feed to a weight of 750 to 900 pounds (340 to 410Ã , Kg)
- Commercial Custom/Finishing yard, where livestock are fed for harvest weighing 1,000 to 1,500 pounds (450 to 680 kg). Once the cows are fed for sale they are sent for harvesting and distributed to consumers.
USDA label
The USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) released a revised proposal for grass-fed meat claims for a verifiable labeling program in May 2006. The Union of Concerned Scientists, who in general support the labeling proposal, claims that the current revision, which contains the clause " consumption... seeds at an immature stage are acceptable ", allowing for" feed or storage harvesting methods that may include significant quantities of grain "since the term" immature "is not clearly defined.
On 15 October 2007 the USDA set a standard definition for "grass-eating" claims that require ongoing access to pasture and prevent animals from being fed products made from wheat or grains. This label was revoked by USDA on January 12, 2016..
Trading
Beef production tends to be concentrated, with the top six manufacturers - the US, the EU, Brazil, Australia, Argentina and Russia - accounting for about 60% of global production. Significant shifts among producers have occurred over time. Cow production worldwide is distinguished by animal genetics and feeding methods, resulting in different types of quality. Livestock is basically a residual claimant for cutting or land resources. Countries with excessive or low-value land tend to feed their animals in grass, while countries with grain excesses, such as the US and Canada, eat cattle with wheat rations. Grain-fed cattle have more internal fats (ie, marbling) that produce softer meat than meat fed on the same age. In some Asian countries such as Japan, which is not a country of wheat surplus, tastes and preferences have encouraged feeding of grain for livestock, but at high cost because grains should be imported.
Until 2015, the US has a mandatory Country of Origin (COOL) legislation requiring foreign beef to be labeled as such under a complicated set of rules, but by May 2015, the World Trade Organization ruled that US law was a violation of international trade law. , so the US government revoked the law. The Alberta cow's labels found on some beef may be considered an indication of origin, but although this suggests that the beef was processed in Alberta, under the WTO labeling regulations many livestock may have been raised in other western provinces or in the northwestern United States.. In fact it is a consumer label of a product type rather than a definite indication of livestock origin.
Use of growth stimulant
Antibiotics are routinely added to grain feed as a growth stimulant. Livestock consumes 70% of antibiotics in the United States. This practice contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including MRSA. The most common form of antibiotics is called ionophores. Ionophores were originally developed as coccidiostats for poultry and prevent coccidiosis in livestock as well. Ionophores work by increasing feed efficiency and growth rate as well as lowering methane production as a result. Ionophores have not been proven to make MRSA resistant to antibiotics.
Hormonal use
The use of additional growth hormones is controversial. The benefits of using growth hormone include improved feed efficiency, carcass quality, and muscle growth rate. The livestock industry takes the position that the use of growth hormone allows a lot of meat to be sold at affordable prices. Conversely, there are customer concerns about the use of growth hormone associated with a number of human health issues. However, there is not enough research to prove or disprove this issue. Synthetic growth hormones are made but testing can not distinguish between artificial hormones and hormones produced naturally by the animals themselves. Using a hormone in beef cattle costs $ 1.50 and adds between 40 and 50 pounds (18 and 23 kg) to the weight of the steer at slaughter, for a return of at least $ 25.
Security
In Canada, all veterinary medicines used in the food production process are required to pass rigorous tests and regulations established by the Veterinary Drug Administration (VDD) and enforced by the Food and Drug Act of Health Canada. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) monitors all food products in Canada by sampling and testing by veterinarians and inspectors working on behalf of the provincial and federal governments. They monitor the supply of food to condemn and destroy any unacceptable products. In the rare case where the CFIA has found the residue, it has substantially below the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) to make it acceptable for safe consumption. The MRL is the maximum amount of drug residues that may remain in food products at the time of human consumption. MRL is a security measure based on Accepted Daily Intakes (ADIs). The ADI level is determined from toxicology studies to be the highest amount of substances that can be consumed daily during lifetime without causing side effects. The beef hormone residue is the MRL established by the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives of the United Nations. Although there are concerns that residual hormones in meat and milk may be harmful to human and animal health, the amount of hormones found in meat portions is well below levels considered a risk to cancer development. In addition, the World Health Organization states that hormone levels are indistinguishable between implanted and undesirable animals.
There are three natural hormones (estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone) and their synthetic alternatives (zeranol, melengestrol acetate, and trenbolone acetate) have been approved by VDD for use in Beef Production Canada.
Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are naturally present in beef cattle. These hormones also exist in humans. Industrial studies suggest that the contribution of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone from beef consumption is very small compared to the amount produced naturally in the human body. By comparison, adult men will produce 136,000 estrogens on a given day; while the level of estrogen present in the 6 ounce portion of beef from the treated animal is only about 3.8 ng. In other words, a human will produce nearly 36,000 times the amount of estrogen in a single day that will be present in a piece of beef produced with growth hormone treated. Thus, current scientific evidence is insufficient to support the hypothesis that maturation of puberty is caused by the use of hormonal substances in animals. However, differences between levels of treated and untreated animals are considered significant enough for the EU to ban US beef imports.
Artificial hormone disputes
To date there is insufficient evidence to support or eliminate concerns about the impact on human health from the ingested hormones of animals treated with growth hormone,
Bovine somatotropin, or bovine growth hormone, is a protein produced naturally in cows. Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) or recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) is an artificial growth hormone produced using microbes with modified DNA (recombinant). It's been approved in the United States since 1993; However, its use has been a controversy since farmers started using it.
Health and nutrition
Fat
Most grass-fed livestocks are slender than calves, have no marbling, which decreases the fat content and calorie levels of meat. Meat from grass-fed cattle also has conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega-3 fatty acids ALA, EPA, and DHA. However, the absolute levels of CLA and omega-3 acids remain very low.
Ramie (or flaxseed) is one of the most biologically available vegetable sources of high protein omega-3 fatty acids and ALA (alpha-linolenic acid). The use of flaxseed in the mash layer in chicken egg production has been shown to increase levels of omega-3 outside broiler. Recently, research has been done involving the use of ground flaxseed as a fat supplement in livestock rations. Being high in protein and fat, it can replace other protein solid foods like soy. It is believed that the inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids in a cattle-producing cattle diet will improve animal health and carcass quality when slaughtered. Several studies have found that feeding linseed can increase the omega-3 content and improve marbling in animal carcasses in slaughter while others find no difference. Flax seed suppresses the inflammatory effects of cow's respiratory illness (BRD) often affects stress-affected cows due to production practices such as transportation and processing. BRD can cause lung tissue damage and disrupt livestock performance leading to low end body mass at slaughter or premature death. Another effect of eating hemp in livestock rations is the observed increase in daily dry matter intake. This is observed in feeding the total content of omega-3 fatty acids foods below 10% of the total feed.
Although the direct beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids remain uncertain, the preventive effect of feeding omega-3s on distressed cows has shown great promise. Although hemp feed is much more expensive than other feeds, the economic benefits of having healthier flocks outweigh the costs
Research shows that the lipid tissue ruminants of North America and Africa are similar to cows fed on grasslands, but not the same as grain-fed cattle. The lipid composition of wild ruminant tissue can serve as a model for dietary lipid recommendations in treating and preventing chronic diseases.
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are commonly used in food production systems as a way to control the growth of potentially harmful bacteria. Potential benefits of using antibiotics include disease prevention, increased food and water intake, and improving the effectiveness of animal digestion. However there are concerns about residual antibiotics that go into milk or beef. In Canada, The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) enforces standards that protect consumers by ensuring that manufactured foods will not contain antibiotics at levels that would endanger consumers. In the United States, the government needs a period of withdrawal for any animal treated with antibiotics before it can be slaughtered, to allow residues to escape from animals.
However, the less intense population density is sometimes cited as the reason for the declining use of antibiotics in grass-fed animals. However, cow-breathing diseases, the most common cause for antibiotic therapy have common risk factors in both production forms (feedlot and pasture finish).
In dairy farms, grazing cattle usually have a reduced need for antibiotics relative to livestock fed grain, simply because the grazing cattle are less productive. High energy-fueled diets greatly increase milk production, measured in pounds or kilograms of milk per head per day, but also increase the physiological pressure of animals, which in turn leads to higher incidence of mastitis and infectious diseases, more often requiring antibiotic therapy.
There are two differences between the use of clinical and nonclinical antibiotics in cattle. The use of antibiotics clinically refers to the care of cattle due to illness. However, corn-fed cattle attracted attention to the use of non-clinical antibiotics. Antibiotics are used to promote growth and treat diseased animals. Some critics suspect that cattle will not get sick if they are not given a corn-based diet that causes them to develop a disease caused by their rumen dysfunction.
Security
In Canada, the rules of veterinary medicine, comprised of two federal government agencies, namely Health Canada (HC) and CFIA, are responsible for implementing the Food and Drug Act, and enforcing those standards and policies, respectively.
Tests for samples of Drug Residues include three (3) appropriate methods: monitoring, monitoring, and compliance. This procedure is given to Swab Test On Premises (STOP) to detect antibiotic residues in the kidney tissue.
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are used in the livestock industry for therapeutic purposes where they are used in the treatment of infections, prophylaxis for disease prevention, and as promoters of growth. The latter means that there is an increase in the efficiency of feed use, where growth is stimulated with less feed. Ultimately, this results in cost reductions for livestock producers, and for consumers.
Antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon worldwide due to excessive use and/or improper use of substances. However, its use is supported primarily because of its effectiveness in the treatment and prevention of disease, as well as its role as a growth promoter. Antibiotics are also present in antibacterial cleaning products, and in disinfection products used in animal and livestock practices.
Disease
E. coli
Escherichia coli , although considered to be part of the normal intestinal flora of many mammals (including humans), has many strains. Strain E. coli 0157: H7 is associated with human disease (and sometimes death) as a foodborne disease. A study by Cornell University has determined that grass-fed animals have as much as eighty percent less of these E-strains. coli in their intestines from their wheat-feeding counterparts, although this reduction can be achieved by switching animals to the grass just days before the massacre. Also, the number of E. coli they have is much less likely to survive our first line of defense against infection: stomach acid. This is because feeding the grain to the animals makes their normal gastrointestinal tract neutral pH abnormal; over time, the pathogenic E. coli becomes acid-resistant. If humans swallow this acid-resistant E. coli through wheat-fed beef, a large number of them can survive through the stomach, causing an infection. A study by the USDA Meat and Animal Research Center in Lincoln Nebraska (2000) has confirmed Cornell's research.
Mad Cow Disease
Meat and bone meal may be a risk factor for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), when healthy animals consume contaminated tissue from infected animals. People who worry about Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), which is also a spongiform encephalopathy, may prefer grass-fed cattle for this reason. In the United States, this risk is relatively low as feeding the protein source from ruminants to other ruminants has been banned since 1997. The problem becomes more complicated because other food stuffs containing animal by-products are still allowed to be given to others. ruminants (chickens, cats, dogs, horses, pigs, etc.). Therefore, in a feed mixing plant for pigs, for example, there is still the possibility of cross-contamination of feed for livestock. Since only a small number of prions that contaminate start brain disease flowing, the amount of feed of any mixture can cause many animals to become infected. This is the only trackable track among cattle with BSE in Canada that led to a recent US embargo on Canadian beef. No BSE cases have been reported so far in Australia. This is largely due to Australia's strict quarantine and bio-security rules prohibiting beef imports from countries known to be infected with BSE.
However, according to a report filed in Australia, on February 25, 2010, the rules suddenly became relaxed and the process of delivering beef products from BSE-infected countries is permitted (pending the application). But less than a week later, Tony Burke, the Australian Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry quickly scrapped the decision and placed a 'two-year stop' on all fresh and cold beef products destined for Australia from countries known to the BSE, calming an Australian's fear that contaminated US beef will find its way onto Australian supermarket shelves after a long absence.
Cheap and plentiful soy foods in the United States. As a result, the use of animal byproducts is never common, as in Europe. However, US regulations only partially prohibit the use of animal by-products in feed. In 1997, regulations prohibited the supply of mammalian by-products to ruminants such as cattle and goats. However, ruminant by-products can still be legally given to pets or other domestic animals such as pigs and poultry such as chickens. In addition, it is legal for ruminants to be fed by the products of some of these animals.
Campylobacter
Campylobacter, a bacterium that can cause other foodborne diseases that cause nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, headaches and muscle aches was discovered by Australian researchers to be brought by 58% of cattle raised in feeding sites compared to just 2% of grass raised and finished cattle.
Leukemia bovin virus
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a transmitted insect that is found in 20% of US cattle, and 60% of US cattle. Studies in Sweden and the Soviet Union have linked the BLV outbreak and increased human leukemia. BLV and HTLV-1 share common genes, HTLV-1 is the first human retrovirus ever proven to cause cancer.
Environmental issues
In dry climates such as the Southwest United States, livestock grazing has been heavily degraded in riparian areas, wetland environments adjacent to rivers or rivers. The Environmental Protection Agency states that agriculture has a greater impact on river and river contamination than other non-point sources. Incorrect grazing of the riparian area may contribute to the pollution of nonpoint sources from riparian areas.
Scientists refer to riparian zones as hotspots of biodiversity, a very clear characterization in dry and semi-arid environments (such as Nevada, where over 80% of the 300 representative species of terrestrial animals are "directly dependent on riparian habitats"), where zones it is probably the only tree-dominated ecosystem in the landscape. The presence of water, increased productivity, favorable microclimate, and periodic flood events combine to create biodiversity that is disproportionately higher than in the surrounding highlands.
"According to the Arizona state park department, more than 90% of the original riparian zones of Arizona and New Mexico are lost". A 1988 report on GAO is equally bleak, estimating that 90% of the 5,300 miles of riparian habitat managed by BLM in Colorado is in an unsatisfactory condition, like 80% of the Idaho riparian zone, concluding that "poorly managed livestock grazing is the main cause of riparian habitats being degraded in the federal swamp. "
Grass-fed beef hides the use of controversial and heavy human waste by farmers in the beef industry. Science has been cited to be more careful and re-evaluate the practice that was first ratified in 1992. There are emerging new toxic pollutants that can contaminate the beef that eventually ends on a US dinner plate.
Taste
Cattle diet affects the taste of meat and milk produced. The University of Colorado study in 2003 found that 80% of consumers in the Denver-Colorado area prefer beef-fed beef flavor to USA-fed Australian grass-fed beef, and differences in flavor preferences not comparable to beef fed Canadian beef, although livestock feed is not the only difference in the beef tested, so Denver is a representative example of the world beef market, so the results are not convincing.
Grass-fed beef is not standardized. Most are slimmer than conventional fattening beef, but some are also sandy because of careful grazing, excellent pastures, and improved genetics. Another technique for producing grass-fed cows is to keep animals in the pasture for two years or more. Most pasture-based farmers dry the beef for 7-21 days, increasing the taste and tenderness of the meat.
Remarkably, in some circumstances, cows are fed wine or beer. It is believed that this enhances the taste of beef. This technique has been used both in Japan and France.
See also
- Free range
- Fodder
- Hay
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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