Soybean meal

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Soybean is used in food and animal feed, primarily as a protein supplement, but also as a source of energy that can be metabolized. Usually 1 bushel (ie 60 lbs or 27.2 kg) of soybeans produces 48 lbs. (21.8 kg) of soybean meal. Some, but not all, soybean meal is produced from residuals remaining after oil extraction. (Oil removal, mostly used in food, but also for industrial oils, soaps and biodiesel, involves the destruction and extraction of solvents or solvents.) Some, but not all, soybean meal contains soy soil hulls. Soy foods are heated during production, to change the properties of the soy trypsin inhibitor, which otherwise would interfere with protein digestion.)

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The main types of soybean meal

Three main types of soybean meal are produced:

o full-fat soybean meal, made from whole soybeans. It has a high concentration of metabolic energy. (For example, the metabolic energy for pigs in this product is about 3.69 megacalories (ie 15.4 MJ) per kg of dry matter.) Crude protein concentrations are about 38 percent (as food). These products are sometimes fed to different classes of livestock.

o soybeans are removed fat, do not contain stomach. This product has medium energy concentration. (For example, the metabolic energy for pigs in this product is about 3.38 megacalories (ie 14.1 MJ) per kg of dry matter.) Crude protein concentrations are about 48 percent. This percentage [typically used in describing the product] is calculated at the moisture content commonly used as a steam feed of 88 percent. Thus, the crude protein concentration expressed on a dry matter basis was 54 percent. This product is usually fed to pigs, broilers and lining.

o soybeans that have been removed fat, containing soy hull. Hulls are easily digested by ruminants. This product is often fed as a protein supplement for domestic ruminants. The concentration of ruminant-metabolic energy is about 3.0 megacalories (ie about 12.5 MJ) per kg of dry matter, and the crude protein concentration is about 44 percent. The last percentage [commonly used in describing the product] is calculated at typical as-fed feedwater content by 90 percent. Thus, the crude protein concentration on the dry matter base was 49 percent.

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Use in animal feed

Globally, about 98 percent of soybean meal is used as animal feed. Of the US soybean production from 2010 to 2012, about 44 percent is exported as soybeans, and 53 percent are destroyed in the US. Of the tonnage that was destroyed, 19 percent was recovered as soybean oil and the rest was recovered as soybean meal. Of the total US soybean tonnage produced, about 35 percent is fed to US farms and poultry as soybean meal. Most of the remaining soybean meal produced in the US is exported. It is estimated that, from soy foods given to animals in the US, 48 percent are fed to poultry, 26 percent for pigs, 12 percent for beef cattle, 9 percent for dairy cows, 3 percent used for fish feed and about 2 percent in pet food. Although this implies that the tonnage of soybean meal fed to other species is relatively small, such use is not unimportant. For example, for fast-growing lambs in low-protein feed, soybean meal can be an important supplement to ensure adequate protein intake, and in part because of its palatability, soybean meal is often recommended for use in novice rations as they feed the sheep.

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Used as human food

Globally, about 2 percent of soy flour is used for soy flour and other products for human consumption. Soy flour "provides the basis for some soy milk and vegetable protein", and is marketed as a full fat, low fat, fatty and lecithinated type.

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Phytoestrogen

Most studies of phytoestrogens in soy have identified isoflavones genistein and daidzein as their main phytoestrogenic substances. For some soybean flour samples analyzed by various individuals using high performance liquid chromatography, daidzein content ranged from 226 to 2100 micrograms per gram, and the genistein content ranged from 478 to 1123 micrograms per gram. For four analyzes of soybean flour removed, the concentrations were 616 and 753 micrograms per gram, respectively; for one analysis of soybean meal (intact), concentrations were 706 and 1000 micrograms per gram, respectively. Although the physiology of sheep's reproduction is highly sensitive to phytoestrogens, soy feeding supplementation from sheep or mothers in grasslands in some studies has been found to have no adverse effects on reproductive performance. 1998 Fed.101

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See also

• Destroy spread
• Soy oil

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References

Source of the article : Wikipedia