A pig is one of the animals in the genus Sus , inside the Suidae feathered family. Pigs include domestic pigs and their ancestors, the common Eurasian boar (Sus scrofa ), along with other species. Related beings outside the genus include peccary, babirusa, and wild boar. Pigs, like all suid, are from the continent of Eurasia and Africa. Young pig is known as a pig. Pigs are very social and intelligent animals.
With about 1 billion people living at all times, domestic pigs are one of the world's most dense mammals. Pigs are omnivores and can consume a variety of foods. Biologically, pigs are very similar to humans, so it is often used for human medical research.
Video Pig
Etymology
The Online Etymology Dictionary provides anecdotal and linguistic evidence, saying that the term is derived
probably from Old English * picg , found in the compound, the final origin is unknown. Initially the "young pig" (word for adults is pig ). Apparently related to Low German bigge , big Dutch ("but difficult phonology" - OED ).... Another Old English word for "pig" is fearh , related to furh "plot," from PIE * seeps - "digging, groove "(source also from Latin porc-us " pig, "see pig ). "This reflects the widespread IE propensity to name animals from typical attributes or activities" [Roger Lass]. The synonym of grunter, oinker comes from sailors of seafarers and fishermen who utter the word pig in the sea, a superstition that may be based on the fate of the drowned Gadarene pigs.
The Online Etymology Dictionary also traces the evolution of the tab , the term for piglets, through various historical languages:
Old English sugu , su "female from pig," from Proto-Germanic * su - (original: Old Saxon, Old High German su , German Sau , Dutch zeug , Old Norse syr ), from PIE root * (bush): "Wild boar, pig;" Avestant hu "wild boar;" Greek hys pine; "Latin sus " swine ", suinus " concerning pigs "; Old Church Slavonic svinija " swine; "Lettish < "pigs", "pigs", Irish pigs, old Irish socc "snout, plowshoe" ), probably mimic the sound of a pig, note that Sanskrit sukharah means "maker (voice) su .
It is very likely that the word for calling a pig, "soo-ie," is also revealed.
Maps Pig
Description and behavior
A typical pig has a large head with a long snout reinforced by a special prenasal bone and by a cartilage disk at the end. The muzzle is used to dig into the ground to find food and is a very acute sense organ. There are four toes on each foot, with two bigger toes holding most of the weight, but the two outer parts are also used in soft soil.
Adult pig's adult formulas are 3.1.4.3 3.1.4.3 , giving a total of 44 teeth. The back teeth are adjusted for crushing. In males, canines form canines, which grow continuously and are sharpened by constantly confronting each other.
Sometimes, the captured mother of pigs can invade their own piglets, often if they become very stressed. Some attacks on newborn piglets are not deadly. Others can cause the death of a piglet and sometimes, the mother may eat a piglet. It is estimated that 50% of pig deaths are due to mothers attacking, or accidentally destroying, pre-weaned pre-weaned animals.
Distribution and evolution
With about 1 billion people living at all times, domestic pigs are one of the most massive mammals on the planet.
The domestic pig ancestor is a wild boar, which is one of the largest and most widespread mammals. The subspecies are many of the original of all but the harshest climates of continental Eurasia and islands and Africa as well, from Ireland and India to Japan and north to Siberia.
Long-isolated from other pigs in many islands in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, pigs have evolved into many different species, including wild pigs, bearded pigs, and wart pigs. Humans have introduced pigs to Australia, North and South America, and many islands, either accidentally as a runaway wild pig who has been wild, or as a boar.
Habitat and reproduction
Wild pigs (Sus scrofa ) can utilize forage resources. Therefore, it can live in almost all productive habitats that can provide enough water to retain large mammals such as pigs. If there is an increase in the search for wild boar in a particular area, it can lead to nutritional deficiencies that may cause the pig population to decline. If nutritional conditions return to normal, pig population is likely to increase as reproduction rates of pig reproduction increase naturally.
Diet and foraging
Pigs are omnivorous, meaning they consume plants and animals. In the wild, they feed on animals, especially eating leaves, roots, fruits, and flowers, in addition to some insects and fish. As cattle, pigs are fed corn and soybean meal with a mixture of vitamins and minerals added to the diet. Traditionally, they grew up on dairy farms and were called "mortgage lifts", because of their ability to use excess milk and whey from cheese and butter making combined with grasslands. Older pigs will consume three to five gallons of water per day. When kept as a pet, an optimum healthy diet consists primarily of a balanced diet of raw vegetables, although some people may give their conventional miniature pellet feed pigs.
Relationships with humans
Domed pigs, especially miniature breeds, are generally kept as pets, and are known to be one of the world's most intelligent pet species. Domestic pigs are raised commercially as livestock; the materials collected include their meat (known as pork), their skin, and their coarse hairs used to make brushes. Due to their incredible feeding ability and olfactory senses, they are accustomed to finding truffle mushrooms in many European countries. Wild and wild pigs are generally hunted.
The relatively short, rigid, rough pig hair is called a feather, and was once so commonly used in brushes that in 1946 the Australian Government launched Operation Pig Bristle. In May 1946, in response to the shortage of sea urchins to paint paint houses in a post-World War II construction explosion, the Australian Air Force (RAAF) flew in 28 short tons of Chinese piglets, the only commercially available source on at that time.
Use in human health care
Human skin is very similar to pig skin, therefore pig skin has been used in many preclinical studies. In addition to providing biomedical research and drug testing, genetic progress in human health care has provided a pathway for domestic pigs to become human xenotransplant candidates.
Species
The genus Sus is currently considered to contain eight living species. A number of extinct species () are known from fossils.
- Sus ahoenobarbus Huet, 1888 - Palawan bearded pig
- Sus australis Han, 1987 - Early Pleistocene of China
- Sus barbatus MÃÆ'¼ller, 1838 - Bornian bearded pig
- Sus bijiashanensis
Han et al. , 1975 - Early Pleistocene of China - Sus bucculentus Heude, 1892 - Heavy or Heavenly or Indo-Chinese pigs
- Sus cebifrons Heude, 1888 - Visayan pig wart
- Sus celebensis MÃÆ'¼ller & amp; Schlegel, 1843 - Celebrate wart warts or Sulawesi wart pigs
- Sus falconeri - Pleistocene region Siwalik, India
- Sus houi Qi et al. , 1999 - Pleistocene of China
- Sus hysudricus
- Sus jiaoshanensis Zhao, 1980 - Early Chinese Pleistocene
- Sus liuchengensis Han, 1987 - Early Pleistocene of China
- Sus lydekkeri Zdansky, 1928 - Pleistocene of China
- Sus offecinalis
Koenigswald, 1933 - China - Sus oliveri Groves, 1997 - Oliver wart pig or Mindoro warty warts
- Sus peii Han, 1987 - Early Pleistocene of China
- Sus philippensis Nehring, 1886 - Filipino wart pig
- Sus scrofa - The boar Linnaeus, 1758
- Sus scrofa domestica Erxleben, 1777 - Domestic pigs (sometimes treated as complete species)
- Sus subtriquetra Xue, 1981
- Sus strozzi Forsyth Major, 1881 - Pliocene and Early European Pleistocene
- Sus verrucosus Boie, 1832 - Java wart pig
- Sus xiaozhu
Han et al. , 1975 - Early Pleistocene of China
Pigmy pygmy, formerly Sus salvanius is now placed in the monotypic genus Porcula .
Domestic pig
Pigs have been domesticated since ancient times in the Old World. Archaeological evidence suggests that pigs are being managed in the wild in a manner similar to the way they were managed by some modern New Guineans of wild boar as early as 13,000-12,700 BP in the Near East in the Tigris Basin, ÃÆ' â € ¡ayÃÆ'¶nÃÆ'¼, Cafer HÃÆ'Â, yÃÆ'¼k, Neval? ÃÆ' â € ¡ori. The remains of pigs have been dated earlier than 11,400 BP in Cyprus which must have been introduced from the mainland indicating domestication on adjacent land at that time. Separate drying is also happening in China.
In India, pigs have been domesticated for a long time mostly in Goa and some rural areas for pork toilets. This is also done in China. Although ecologically logical and economical, pig toilets are fading as the use of septic tanks and/or sewerage systems increases in rural areas.
Pigs were brought to the southeast of North America from Europe by Hernando de Soto and other early Spanish explorers. Pigs are greatly appreciated in China and in certain oceanic islands, where their independence allows them to become loose, although this practice is not without flaws (see environmental impact).
Domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus ) is usually given the scientific name of Sus scrofa, although some taxonomists call it S. domesticus , ordering S. scrofa for wild boar. It was tamed about 5,000 to 7,000 years ago. The upper canine teeth form a sharp fang that curves outward and upward. Compared to other artiodactyles, their heads are relatively long, pointy, and free of warts. Their head and body lengths range from 0.9 to 1.8 m (35 to 71 inches) and they can weigh between 50 and 350 kg (110 and 770 pounds).
In November 2012, scientists managed to rank the domestic pig's genome. The similarity between pigs and the human genome means that new data may have widespread application in the study and treatment of human genetic diseases.
In August 2015, a study looked at more than 100 pig's genome sequences to confirm their domestication process. The domestication process is assumed to have been started by humans, involving several individuals and relying on reproductive isolation between wild and domestic forms. The study found that the assumption of reproductive isolation with a population bottleneck is not supported. The study shows that pigs are domesticated separately in West Asia and China, with West Asian pigs introduced to Europe where they crossed with wild boars. A model corresponding to the data includes mixing with wild pig ghost populations that are already extinct during the Pleistocene. The study also found that although re-crossing with wild boars, the domestic pig's genome has a strong selection mark in the DNA locus that affects behavior and morphology. This study concludes that human selection for domestic characteristics may neutralize the effect of homogenizing gene flow from wild boar and creating the domestication islands in the genome. The same process may also apply to other pets.
Cultural and religious references for pigs
Domestic pigs who have escaped from urban areas or are allowed to forage in the wild, and in some cases wild boars introduced as prey for hunting have spawned large populations of wild pigs in North and South America, Australia, New Zealand. , Hawaii, and other areas where pigs are not genuine. The unintentional or deliberate release of pigs to countries or environments where they are alien species has caused extensive environmental change. Their omnivorous diet, aggressive behavior, and their deep-rooted eating methods all combine to transform the unused ecosystem into pigs. Pigs will even eat small animals and destroy the bird's nest laying on the ground. Invasive Specialist Species Group lists wild pigs in the list of 100 worst invasive species in the world and says:
Wild pigs like other introduced mammals are a key driver of extinction and ecosystem change. They have been introduced to many parts of the world, and will damage crops and home gardens as well as potentially spread the disease. They pulled out lots of land, removed the original vegetation and spread the weeds. This results in changes in habitat, changes in succession and crop composition and depletion of native fauna depending on their natural habitat.
Health issues
Because of the biological similarity between each other, pigs can store various parasites and diseases that can be transmitted to humans. These include trichinosis, Taenia solium , cysticercosis, and brucellosis. Pigs are also known to have large concentrations of ascarid parasitic worms in their digestive tract.
Some strains of influenza are endemic to pigs. Pigs can also get human influenza.
See also
References
External links
- Pig's genome resources
- Slave pig, with picture
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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