The smoking history dates back to 4000 BC in America in shamanic rituals. With the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, consumption, planting, and tobacco trade quickly spread. Modernization of agricultural equipment and manufacturing increased the availability of cigarettes after the reconstruction era in the United States. Mass production rapidly expanded the scope of consumption, which grew to scientific controversy in the 1960s, and criticism in the 1980s.
Cannabis is common in the Middle East prior to the arrival of tobacco, and is known to have existed at least 5000 BC. Early marijuana consumption is a common social activity involving a type of water pipe called a hookah.
Previously eaten because of its medicinal properties, the smoking addiction became widespread during the 19th century from British trade with China. It spawned many of the famous Opium's nests. In the second half of this century, smoking addiction became popular in the European artistic community. While opium nests continued to exist throughout the world, trends among Europeans subsided during the First World War, and among the Chinese during the cultural revolution.
The wider use of cigarettes and increased life expectancy during the 1920s made adverse health effects more visible. In 1929, Fritz Lickint of Dresden, Germany, published formal statistical evidence of a lung cancer relationship, which later led a strong anti-smoking movement in Nazi Germany. This subject remained largely taboo until 1954 with the British Doctors Study, and in 1964, reports the Surgeon General United States. Tobacco became stigmatized, leading to the largest civil settlement in US history, the Tobacco Master Settlement (MSA).
Video History of smoking
Initial use
Smoking has been practiced in one form or another since ancient times. Tobacco and various hallucinogenic drugs are smoked throughout America since 5000 BC in shamanic rituals and are from the Peruvian Andes and Ecuador. Many ancient civilizations, such as Babylon, India and China, burned incense as part of religious rituals, as did the Israelites and later Catholic and Orthodox churches.
In Ancient Greece, smoke was used as a healing practice and Oracle Delphi made a prophecy when drunk by inhaling natural gas from natural boreholes. The Greek historian Herodotos also wrote that the Scythian people used cannabis for the purpose of mourning rituals and, to some extent, pleasure. He explains how Scythians burn flaxseed (IV, 75):
James L. Butrica criticized this view, stressing that the term "????????" should be translated as "astounded" or "in mourning", as it is "closer to what is expected in the rituals associated with death". This type of ritual has been confirmed as a result of archaeological discoveries.
Robicsek argues that smoking in America may have originated from an incense burning ceremony, and was later adopted for pleasure or as a social tool. Maya used it in classical times (at least from the 10th century) and the Aztecs put it into their mythology. The Aztec Goddess Cihuacoahuatl has a body consisting of tobacco, and priests who make human sacrifices wear tobacco pumpkins as symbols of the divine. Even today certain Tzeltal Maya sacrificed 13 calabashes of tobacco in the New Year. Smoking tobacco and other hallucinogenic drugs are used to reach the trance and come into contact with the spirit world. The reports of the first European explorers and conquerors to reach America tell of the rituals in which the native priests suck themselves into such high levels of poisoning that it is unlikely that the ritual is restricted to tobacco. There is no concrete evidence of what they smoke exists, but the most likely theory is that tobacco is much stronger, consumed in extreme quantities, or mixed with other unknown psychoactive drugs.
In early North America the most common form of smoking by indigenous peoples is pipeline, either for social or religious purposes (which vary among different cultures). Sometimes the pipes are smoked by representatives of the warring tribes, and then with the European settlers, as a gesture of goodwill, diplomacy, or to seal a peace treaty (hence the wrong, "peace pipe"). In the Caribbean, Mexico and Central and South America, early forms of cigarettes including cigarette rings or cigars are the most common smoking tools. Only in modern times the use of pipes becomes quite widespread. Smoking is depicted in carvings and various types of pottery as early as the 9th century, but it is unknown whether it is confined to upper classes and priests.
After Europeans arrived in America on tobacco tobacco of the late fifteenth century as leisure activities became widespread. At the Aztec noble banquet, food will begin by distributing fragrant flowers and cigarette tubes for dinner guests. At the end of the party, which will last all night, the remaining flowers, cigarette tubes and food will be given as a kind of alms for the elderly and poor who have been invited to witness social events, or will be rewarded by the servants.
Maps History of smoking
Populating smoke
Europe
A Frenchman named Jean Nicot (from whose name the word nicotine originated) introduced tobacco to France in 1560 from Spain. From there, it spread to England. The first report of an Englishman who smoked was a sailor at Bristol in 1556, seen "emitting smoke from his nostrils." Like tea, coffee and opium, tobacco is just one of many liquors that were originally used as a form of medicine.
Early modern European medical science is still largely based on humorism, the notion that everything has certain humoral qualities that vary between hot and cold, dry and moist. Tobacco is often seen as something useful in its warming and drying properties and is given a list of endless useful properties. The concept of ingesting substances in the form of smoke was also entirely new and met with great amazement and great skepticism by the Europeans.
The debate rages among priests, scientists and laypeople whether tobacco is a curse or gain and both sides have strong supporters. English King James I is one of the first vocal skeptics and writes A Counterblaste to Tobacco , an unforgiving literary attack on what he believes to be a threat to society. Although full of irrelevant and partial arguments, this argument addresses some health issues and points out the strange fact that tobacco is often given contradictory, and sometimes almost miraculous, traits:
South Asia
Smoking marijuana in India has been known since at least 2000 BC and was first mentioned at Atharvaveda , which dates from several hundred years BC. Fumigation (dhupa ) and fire victims ( homa ) are prescribed in Ayurveda for medical purposes and have been practiced for at least 3,000 years while smoking,
Fumigation and fire offerings have been carried out with various substances, including butter (ghee), fish offal, dried snake skin, and various pastes formed around the incense sticks and ignited to spread smoke over a large area. Smoking inhalation practices are used as a remedy for various illnesses. It is not limited to marijuana only, but the various plants and herbs that are recommended to promote general health are also used.
Before the modern times, smoking was done with pipes with long stems, or chili. Today dhumrapana has been replaced almost entirely by smoking, but both dhupa and homa are still practiced. Beedi, a kind of handrolled herbal cigarette consisting of cloves, peanuts, and tobacco, usually with relatively low proportion of tobacco, is a modern descent from the history of dhumrapana .
In Indonesia, a special type of cigarette that includes cloves called
Industrial methods passed the type of hand-rolled in quantities in the mid-1980s and today Middle East
Smoking marijuana is common in the Middle East prior to the arrival of tobacco, and, from the beginning, is a general social activity centered on a type of water pipe called a hookah. Like today, pipes often have multiple tubes to accommodate many smokers, or smokers will pass through the nozzle around the many smoky houses that serve as social centers in key centers of Muslim culture such as Istanbul, Baghdad and Cairo. Smoking, especially after the introduction of tobacco, is an important component of Muslim society and culture and becomes integrated with important traditions such as weddings, funerals and expressed in architecture, clothing, literature and poetry.
There is a reference to tobacco in Persian poetry dating from before 1536, but due to a lack of reinforcing sources, the originality of the source has been questioned. The next reliable eyewitness account of tobacco smoking was by a Spanish envoy in 1617, but at the present time the practice has been ingrained in Persian society.
The water pipe called Argila (or hookah) was created in Persia. The rich pipes are made of delicate glass and precious metal while ordinary people use coconut with bamboo pipes, and these are used to smoke marijuana before the arrival of tobacco.
Both substances in combination become very popular and also smoke in a normal "dry" pipe. The water pipes, however, remained the most common smoking tool until the introduction of cigarettes in the 20th century. Foreign visitors to the region often say that smoking is very popular among Persians. In Ramadan, the Muslim period is fasting when no food is eaten at sunrise, among the first things many Persians do after sunset is their pipe light.
Both sexes are smoked, but for women it is a private affair that is enjoyed in the seclusion of private homes. In the nineteenth century Iran was one of the world's largest tobacco exporters, and it was at that time a national feature of Iran.
East Asia
After European discovery in America, tobacco spread to Asia - first through Spanish and Portuguese sailors, and then by the Dutch and British. Spain and Portugal are active in Central and South America, where cigarettes and cigars are the preferred tool of smoking, and their seafarers smoke most cigars. The English and Dutch people had contact with the native smoking pipe in North America, and adopted the habit. While the southern Europeans started smoking earlier, it was the long pipes coming from the northerners who became popular in East and Southeast Asia. Tobacco smoking arrives through expatriates in the Philippines and is introduced as early as the 1570s.
At the beginning of the 17th century, kiseru, a long-stemmed Japanese pipes inspired by Dutch clay pipes, is quite common to be mentioned in Buddhist textbooks for children. Tobacco smoking practices developed as part of a Japanese tea ceremony using many traditional objects used to burn incense tobacco smoke. The k? -bon (incense bin) to tabako-bon , incense burners evolved into pots for tobacco embers and incense pots into an ash tray.
During the Edo period, weapons are often used as objects of ostentation, indicating wealth and social status. Since only samurai are allowed to carry weapons, the intricate kisses that are draped from the waist provide the same purpose. After the Meiji restoration and the removal of the caste system, many artisans who previously adorned the sword turned to design kiserus and buckles for the tobacco pouch. Although mass production of cigarettes began at the end of the 19th century, not until after World War II, kiseru was no longer stylish and became an object of tradition and relative obscurity.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Smoking marijuana is introduced to Sub-Saharan Africa through Ethiopia and the coast of east Africa by Indian or Arab traders in the 13th century or earlier and spreads on the same trade route as those carrying coffee, originating from the Ethiopian highlands. It was smoked in a calabash pipe with a terra cotta smoked bowl, it seems that Ethiopian discoveries were then delivered to eastern, southern and central Africa.
Around 1600, French merchants introduced tobacco in what is now Gambia and Senegal. At the same time, caravans from Morocco brought tobacco to the area around Timbuktu, and the Portuguese brought commodities (and crops) to southern Africa. This establishes the popularity of tobacco throughout Africa in the 1650s. Imported tobacco and tobacco pipes become valuable and valuable trading goods and quickly absorbed into African cultural traditions, rituals and politics. The practice led to a rich artistic tradition of decorated wood pipes, ceramics, and finally metal in endless themes and motifs of all shapes and sizes.
Tobacco and marijuana are used, as elsewhere in the world, to confirm social relationships, but also create a whole new relationship. In the present Congo, a society called Bena Diemba ("People of Ganja") was held in the late 19th century in Lubuko ("Land of Friendship").
Bena Diemba is a collectivist pacifist who rejects alcohol and herbal medicines that support cannabis. Certain other herbs have been and are still smoked by certain African communities. Tabwa dukun asap
Some groups, such as Fang Gabon, consume eboga Tabernanthe iboga , a drug that changes the mind in religious rituals. In modern Africa, smoking, in most areas, is regarded as an expression of modernity, and many of the strong negative opinions prevailing in the West lack attention.
Opium
In the 19th century, smoking addicts became common. Previously only eaten, and then mainly for its medical properties. The massive increase in cigarette addicts in China is more or less directly driven by the British trade deficit with the Chinese Qing dynasty. As a way of fixing this problem, the British began exporting large quantities of opium grown in Indian colonies.
The social problems and large losses of the currency caused some Chinese attempts to stop imports, which eventually culminated in the First and Second Opium Wars. Opium smoking then spread with Chinese immigrants and spawned many of the most popular opium nests in Chinese cities around South and Southeast Asia and Europe.
In the second half of the nineteenth century, smoking addiction became popular in the artistic community of Europe, especially Paris in the neighborhood of artists such as Montparnasse and Montmartre becoming the capital of virtual opium. While opium nests serving primarily for Chinese immigrants continue to exist in China Towns around the world, the trend among European artists largely subsided after the outbreak of World War I.
Social stigma
Early disappearance
Since smoking was introduced outside the United States, there was a lot of stiff resistance against it. Arguments range from socio-economic, with tobacco called a good seizure of agricultural land - to pure morality, where many religious people see tobacco as another form of immoral poisoning. Many arguments are presented with the effect that smoking is harmful, and even if criticism is ultimately true about many of their claims, complaints are usually not based on scientific arguments, and if they are, this often depends on humor and others. pre-modern scientific method.
Dr Eleazar Duncon, 1606, writes that tobacco "... is very painful and dangerous for young people who may have a destroyer nation expressed in the name, and that it is also known by the name of Youth-the curse as the name suggests tobacco."
The early 17th century descriptive notice of various types of male characteristics and modes depicts tobacconists and smokers as individuals who suffer from false self-image and false illusions about the properties of tobacco. Although doctors like Benjamin Rush claimed tobacco use (including smoking) negatively impacted health as far back as 1798, it was not until the beginning of the 20th century that researchers began to conduct serious medical research.
Newborn political resilience
At the end of the 19th century, automatic cigarette makers were created. Factories, especially those located in the southern United States, allow the mass production of cigarettes at low cost. Cigarettes became elegant and fashionable amongst peoples when the Victorian era gave way to the Edwardian. In 1912, Dr. Isaac Adler of America is the first to state that lung cancer is associated with smoking.
Before World War I, lung cancer is a rare disease that most doctors never see in their careers.
With the rise of postwar cigarettes, however, a significant increase in lung cancer promotes a nascent investigation into the relationship between smoking and cancer. In 1929, Fritz Lickint of Dresden, Germany, published a formal statistical description of the association of lung cancer, according to a study showing lung cancer patients are likely to become smokers. Lickint also argues that tobacco use is the best way to explain the fact that lung cancer attacks men four or five times more frequently than women (because women smoke far less).
In Germany, the anti-smoking group, often associated with anti-alcohol groups, first published advocacy against tobacco consumption in Der Tabakgegner's journal The Tobacco Opponent, by the Bohemian organization between 1912 and 1932 The < i> Deutsche Tabakgegner (German Tobacco Opponents) was published in Dresden from 1919 to 1935, and is the second journal on this subject.
After Adolf Hitler rose to power during the great depression, he condemned his previous smoking habit as a waste of money. In the following years, Hitler saw smoking as "decadent" and "the wrath of the Red Man against the White Man, the vengeance of liquor," lamenting it "... so many extraordinary people harmed by tobacco poisoning."
The Nazi reproductive policy also strengthens the anti-smoking movement. Women who smoke are considered vulnerable to premature aging and loss of physical appeal - unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family. Werner Huttig of the Nazi Party Rassenpolitisches Amt (Racial Political Office) says that breastmilk a mother who smokes contains nicotine, a claim that has been verified by modern research. However, the Nazi political resistance to cigarettes did not cross the enemy line.
Scientific rationalization
The true breakthrough came in 1948, when the British epidemiologist Richard Doll published the first major study showing that smoking can cause serious health damage. While some doctors in the United States have installed cigarettes as a health-promoting product, some commentators now argue that it is unethical for doctors, as role models, to smoke at all.
In 1950, Richard Doll published a study in the British Medical Journal showing a close link between smoking and lung cancer. Four years later, in 1954, the British Doctors Study, a study of about 40,000 doctors for more than 20 years, confirmed the suggestion, based on government advice that smoking and related lung cancer rates. The British Doctors Study lasted until 2001, with results published every ten years and the final results published in 2004 by Doll and Richard Peto. A lot of preliminary research was also done by Dr. Ochsner. Reader's Digest Magazine for years publishes frequent anti-smoking articles.
In 1964, the Surgeon General United States Report on Smoking and Health started a font, showing the link between smoking and cancer. This ultimately leads to certain advertising bans, and requirements for warning labels on tobacco products.
Since the 1990s, smoking defense groups have reacted to laws in some countries with increased taxes, restrictions on smoking spots, and anti-smoking campaigns. These groups feel that the new rules and the general atmosphere are oppressive, and the stigmatization placed on them is excessive. Some smoking groups are independent, while others are funded by tobacco companies.
In the 21st century, smoking has become stigmatized across Western societies, but this is still often done among individuals with low socioeconomic status. Research suggests that smoking acts produce an intimidating impression, and it has been suggested that individuals with low socioeconomic status are motivated to smoke by the desire to appear intimidating and coercive.
Other substance
In the early 1980s, the majority of cocaine sent to the United States that arrived in Miami came through the Bahamas. However, the overproduction of cocaine powder on the islands kept prices down by as much as 80 percent. Faced with a decrease in profits for their illegal products, drug dealers decided to turn the powder into a crack, which can be smoked, which can be sold in smaller quantities to more people. It's cheap, easy to produce, ready to use, and very profitable. In the early 1980s, reports of cracks appeared in Los Angeles, San Diego, Houston, and the Caribbean.
This popularity growth subsided in the late 1990s. Described by the criminologist Alfred Blumstein, these changes result from four factors: more stringent weapons restrictions in areas where crack cocaine is prevalent, shrinking markets and institutionalization, economic resilience, and job availability.
See also
- The history of tobacco
- Smoking in Syria
References
Note
Bibliography
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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