Aaron Hillel Swartz (November 8, 1986 - January 11, 2013) is a computer programmer, entrepreneur, author, political organizer, and Internet hacker of America. He is involved in the development of the web RSS feed format and Markdown publishing format, the Creative Commons organization, the web.py web site framework, and is one of the founders of the Reddit social news site. He was given the title of co-founder by owner combiner Paul Graham after the formation instead of a bug, inc (Aaron's infogamy project and a company run by Alexis Ohanian and Steve Huffman).
Swartz's work also focuses on citizenship awareness and activism. He helped launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee in 2009 to learn more about effective online activism. In 2010, he became a researcher at Harvard University's Safra Research Laboratory on Institutional Corruption, directed by Lawrence Lessig. He founded the online group Demand Progress, known for his campaign against the Stop Online Piracy Act.
In 2011, Swartz was captured by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) police on charges of infringement and entering the country, after connecting computers to the MIT network in unmarked and unlocked cabinets, and arranging them to download academic journal articles systematically from JSTOR using guest user account issued to him by MIT. The federal prosecutor then charged him with two counts of wire fraud and eleven violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, carrying a maximum cumulative penalty of $ 1 million fine, 35 years in prison, asset deprivation, restitution, and supervised release.
Swartz refused a bargain defense in which he would undergo six months in federal prison. Two days after the prosecution turned down a counter offer by Swartz, he was found dead in his Brooklyn apartment, where he hanged himself.
In 2013, Swartz was appointed posthumously into the Internet Hall of Fame.
Video Aaron Swartz
Live and working
Swartz was born in Highland Park, Illinois (suburb of Chicago), the eldest son of Jewish parents, Susan, and Robert Swartz, and brother of Noah and Benjamin. His father had founded the software company Mark Williams Company. Swartz immerses himself in computer studies, programming, Internet, and Internet culture. He attended North Shore Country School, a small private school near Chicago, until Year 9. Swartz left high school in 10th grade, and attended a course at a college in Chicago.
At the age of 13, Swartz won the ArsDigita Prize, awarded to young people creating useful, educational, and collaborative "non-commercial" websites. At the age of 14, he became a member of the working group that wrote the web syndication specification RSS 1.0. Aaron is a frequent blogger where he writes about things like his experiences at Stanford, his role in creating Creative Commons, copyright laws, and various other topics.
Entrepreneurship
Swartz attended Stanford University. During its first year, Swartz applied to the first Y Combinator Summer Founder Program which proposed to work on a startup called Infogami designed as a flexible content management system to enable the creation of the rich and websites that are visually appealing or wiki forms for structured data. After working on Infogami with co-founder Simon Carstensen during the summer of 2005, Aaron chose not to return to Stanford, instead choosing to continue developing and seeking funding for Infogami.
As part of his work on Infogami, Swartz created the web.py web application framework because he was not happy with other systems available in the Python programming language. In early fall 2005, Swartz worked with the founders of the newly born Y-Combinator company, Reddit, to rewrite their Lisp codebase using Python and web.py. Although the Infogami platform was abandoned after Not A Bug was acquired, Infogami software was used to support the Open Library Internet Archive project and the web.py web framework was used as the basis for many other projects by Swartz and many others.
When Infogami failed to find further funding, the Y-Combinator organizer suggested that Infogami join Reddit, which was made in November 2005 to form a new Not-Bug firm aimed at promoting both products. Although both projects initially struggled to gain appeal, Reddit began gaining huge popularity in 2005 and 2006.
In October 2006, largely based on the success of Reddit, Not A Bug was acquired by Condà © Nast Publications, the owner of Wired magazine . Swartz moved with his company to San Francisco to work at Wired . Swartz finds office life unpleasant, and he eventually leaves the company.
In September 2007, Swartz joined Infogami co-founder Simon Carstensen to launch the new company Jottit in another effort to create another markdown based content management system in Python.
Activism
In 2008, Swartz founded Watchdog.net, "a good government website with teeth," to collect and visualize data about politicians. In the same year, he wrote extensively on the Guerilla Open Access Manifesto; (see #Go to Access below for details).
One of his more well-known works supporting activism is Deaddrop, now renamed SecureDrop, a platform for secure communication between journalists and sources (whistleblowers) used in some news organizations, including ProPublica, The Intercept , The Guardian , and The Washington Post .
The Progressive Change Campaign Committee
In 2009, wanting to learn about effective activism, Swartz helped launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee. He writes on his blog, "I spend my days experimenting with new ways to get progressive policies enacted and pro-progressive politicians selected." Swartz led the first activist activity of his career with the Progressive Change Campaign Committee, sending thousands of signatures of the "Honor Kennedy" petition to Massachusetts lawmakers who asked them to fulfill the wishes of former senator Ted Kennedy by appointing a senator to choose health care reform.
Demand Progress
In 2010, Swartz co-founded Demand Progress, a political advocacy group that organized online people to "take action by contacting Congress and other leaders, funding pressure tactics, and disseminating news" on civil liberties, government reforms, and issues others.
During the academic year 2010-11, Swartz conducted a research study on political corruption as a Fellow Lab at the Edmond J. Safra Research Laboratory at Harvard University on Institutional Corruption.
The author of Cory Doctorow, in his novel Fatherland , "he asked Swartz for suggestions in determining how his protagonists can use the information now available about voters to create a grassroots anti-establishment political campaign." novel, Swartz writes, "this political hacktivist tool can be used by anyone who is motivated enough and talented... Now it's up to you to change the system.... Tell me if I can help."
Stop Online Piracy Law
Swartz was involved in a campaign to prevent part of the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), which sought to combat Internet copyright infringement but was criticized on the grounds that it would make it easier for the US government to close websites allegedly infringing copyright and would place a burden that could not be intolerable to internet service providers. Following the defeat of the bill, Swartz was the keynote speaker at F2C: Freedom to Connect 2012 in Washington, D.C., on May 21, 2012. His speech was titled "How We Stop SOPA" and he told the audience:
He added, "We won this fight because everyone made themselves a hero of their own story, and everyone thought of it as their duty to save this important freedom." He refers to a series of protests against bills by various websites described by the Electronic Frontier Foundation as the largest in Internet history, with over 115,000 websites changing their web pages. Swartz also presents this topic at an event organized by ThoughtWorks.
Wikileaks
On December 27, 2010, Swartz filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to learn about the treatment of Chelsea Manning, who allegedly source for WikiLeaks.
PACER
In 2008 Swartz downloaded some 2.7 million federal court documents stored in the PACER database (Public Access to Court Electronic Records) managed by the United States Courts Administration Office.
The Huffington Post is tagged in this way: "Swartz downloaded public court documents from the PACER system in an effort to get them available outside of expensive services This step drew the attention of the FBI, who ultimately decided not to file charges because the document is, in fact, public. "
PACER picked up 8 cents per page for information that Carl Malamud, who founded the non-profit Public.Resource.Org group, argues it should be free, since federal documents are not protected by copyright. The fee was "hijacked back to court to finance the technology, but the system [ran] a budget surplus of about $ 150 million, according to a court report," the New York Times reported. PACER uses technology that "was designed in the past days from squeaky telephone modems... puts the country's legal system behind the cash wall and the kludge." Malamud appealed to his fellow activists, urging them to visit one of the 17 libraries that carried out a free trial of the PACER system, downloaded court documents, and sent them to him for public distribution.
After reading the Malamud action call, Swartz uses a Perl computer script that runs on Amazon's cloud server to download documents, using Sacramento library-owned credentials. From September 4 to 20, 2008, he accessed documents and uploaded them to cloud computing services. He released the document to Malamud's organization.
On September 29, 2008, the GPO suspended a free trial, "awaiting evaluation" of the program. Swartz's action was further investigated by the FBI. The case was closed after two months of no charges were filed. Swartz knew the details of the investigation as a result of filing FOIA requests with the FBI and described their responses as "the usual chaos that shows the FBI's lack of humor." PACER still charges per page, but customers using Firefox have the option to save documents for free public access with a plug-in called RECAP.
On the 2013 anniversary for Swartz, Malamud remembers their work with PACER. They brought millions from the US District Court out of PACER's back wall "wall", he said, and found them full of privacy violations, including medical records and names of small children and secret informants.
We sent our results to the Chief Justice of the 31 District Courts... They removed the documents and they shouted at the lawyers who filed them... The Judicial Conference changed their privacy rules.... [To] the bureaucrat who runs the United States Courts Administration Office... we are thieves who take $ 1.6 million from their property. So they called the FBI... [The FBI] found no fault...
Malamud wrote a more detailed account of his collaboration with the Swartz project on Pacer in an essay that appeared on his website.
Writing in Ars Technica Timothy Lee, who then utilized documents obtained by Swartz as one of the creators of RECAP, offered some insight into the incompatibility in reporting how much data Swartz downloaded: "In the back-of -the-envelope a few days before the offsite crawl closes, Swartz suspects he gets about 25 percent of the documents on PACER. The New York Times also reports that Swartz has downloaded "An estimated 20 percent of all databases." Based on the fact that Swartz downloaded 2.7 million documents while PACER, at the time, contained 500 million, Lee concluded that Swartz downloaded less than one percent of the database.
English Wikipedia
Swartz participates very actively as an editor on the English Wikipedia. He first joined Wikipedia in August 2003. In 2006, he failed to run the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation.
In 2006, Swartz wrote an analysis of how Wikipedia articles were written, and concluded that most of the actual content came from tens of thousands of occasional contributors, or "outsiders", each of whom did not contribute much to the site, while the core group from 500 to 1,000 regular editors tend to correct spelling and other formatting errors. According to Swartz: "the formatters help the contributors, not the other way around." In conclusion, based on a historical analysis of editing some randomly selected articles, contrary to the opinion of Wikipedia co-founder, Jimmy Wales, who believes that regular core group editors provide most of the content while thousands more contribute to formatting the problem. Swartz came to the conclusion by counting the total number of characters added by the editor to a particular article, while Wales counted the total number of edits.
Swartz makes many articles about US political institutions, government officials, and authors, among other subjects. His final edit was made in January 2013, the day before the suicide.
Maps Aaron Swartz
Software development
RDF/XML in W3C
In 2001, Swartz joined the RDFCore working group at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), where he wrote RFC 3870, the RDF/XML Media Type Registration Application. The document describes a new type of media, "RDF/XML", designed to support Semantic Web.
Price drop
Swartz is a major contributor to Markdown, a lightweight markup language for generating HTML, and an author of an html2text translator. The syntax for Markdown is influenced by the earlier Swartz language atx (2002), which is currently especially remembered for its syntax to define headers, known as headers style atx:
The price decline itself is still widely used.
Open Library
After his death, it was reported that around 2006, Swartz obtained a complete bibliographic library bibliographic dataset: the library charges a fee to access this, but as a government document, it is not copyrighted in the United States. By posting data in OpenLibrary, Swartz makes it available for free. The Library of Congress Project is welcomed with approval by the Copyright Office. Other sources indicate that the file was donated to the Internet Archive of the Plymouth State University library system, Scriblio. Regardless of the source, the file became the basis for the Open Library, with Swartz as the chief designer.
Tor2web
In 2008, Swartz worked with Virgil Griffith to design and implement Tor2web, the HTTP proxy for the Tor-hidden service. This proxy is designed to provide easy access to Tor from a basic web browser.
DeadDrop
In 2011-2012, Swartz, Kevin Poulsen, and James Dolan designed and implemented DeadDrop , a system that allows anonymous informers to send electronic documents without fear of disclosure. In May 2013, the first example of the software was launched by The New Yorker with the name Strongbox . The Freedom of the Press Foundation has taken over the development of the software, which has been renamed SecureDrop .
JSTOR
According to state and federal authorities, Swartz used JSTOR, the digital repository, to download a large number of academic journal articles through MIT's computer network for several weeks in late 2010 and early 2011. At the time, Swartz was a fellow research at Harvard University, which gave him JSTOR account. Visitors to the "open campus" of MIT are authorized to access JSTOR through its network.
Authorities said Swartz downloaded documents through laptops connected to network switches in the access-control wire closet at MIT. The closet door was left open, according to press reports. When found, the video camera is placed in the room to film Swartz and Swartz's computer is left untouched. After the video is taken from Swartz, the download is stopped and Swartz is identified. Instead of pursuing a civil lawsuit against him, in June 2011 reached a settlement where he submitted the downloaded data.
Response of JSTOR
On September 25, 2010, IP Address 18.55.6.215, part of the MIT network, began sending hundreds of PDF download requests per minute, and affected the performance of the entire JSTOR site. This pushes a block from the IP Address. In the morning, other IP addresses, as well as from within the MIT network, start sending JSTOR more PDF download requests, resulting in a full block while at the firewall level of all MIT servers across the 18.0.0.0/8 range. An email is then sent to MIT, describing the situation:
From an email sent on September 29, 2010, an employee of JSTOR wrote to MIT:
note that this is an extreme case. We usually just suspend one individual IP at a time and do that relatively rarely (maybe 6 on a busy day, out of 7000 institutional customers). In this case, we see the performance shown on the live site, which I've seen about 3 or 4 times in my 5 years here. The pattern used is to create a new session for each PDF download or every few, which is very efficient, but not too subtle. In the end, we saw over 200 thousand sessions within an hour during the peak.
On July 30, 2013, JSTOR released 300 partially edited documents, which have been provided as incriminating evidence against Aaron Swartz. These documents were originally sent to the US Attorney's Office in response to a subpoena call in the case of the United States v. Aaron Swartz.
(Gambar-gambar berikut adalah semua kutipan dari 3.461 halaman dokumen PDF.)
Penangkapan dan penuntutan
On the night of January 6, 2011, Swartz was arrested near the Harvard campus by MIT police and US Secret Service agents. He was indicted in the Cambridge District Court with two state accusations of infringing and entering with the intention of committing a crime.
On July 11, 2011, Swartz was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of wire fraud, computer fraud, obtaining unauthorized information from a protected computer, and damaging frivoloo-protected computers.
On November 17, 2011, Swartz was indicted by the jury of Middlesex County High Court on allegations of infringing and entering state with intent, grand theft, and unauthorized access to computer networks. On December 16, 2011, state prosecutors filed notice that they dropped two original indictments; The allegations listed on Nov. 17, 2011, the indictment was dropped on March 8, 2012. According to a spokesman for the Middlesex region prosecutor, state allegations were canceled to allow federal prosecutors headed by Stephen P. Heymann and supported by the evidence provided. by Secret Service agent, Michael S. Pickett to proceed unhindered.
On September 12, 2012, federal prosecutors filed a ruling indictment adding another nine crime counts, which increased Swartz's maximum criminal exposure to 50 years in prison and a $ 1 million fine. During defense negotiations with Swartz lawyers, prosecutors offered to recommend a six-month sentence in a low security prison, if Swartz would plead guilty to 13 federal crimes. Swartz and his leader's lawyers rejected the deal, choosing a court demanding prosecutors to justify their pursuit of Swartz.
Federal prosecution involves what is characterized by many critics (like former Nixon White House advisor John Dean) as a 13-count "overcharging" and "over-excited" prosecution of alleged computer crime, brought by former US Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz.
Swartz died by suicide on January 11, 2013. After his death, federal prosecutors dropped the charges. On December 4, 2013, due to the Freedom of Information Act suit by investigative editor of Wired magazine, several documents related to the case were released by Secret Service, including Swartz video entering MIT network cabinets.
Death, funeral, and memorial meeting
Death
On the night of January 11, 2013, Swartz was found dead in his apartment in Brooklyn by his colleague, Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman. A spokeswoman for the New York Medical Examiner reported that he had hanged himself. No suicide note found. The Swartz family and colleagues created a warning website where they issued a statement, saying: "He uses his amazing skills as a programmer and the technologist does not enrich himself but to make the Internet and the world a fairer, better place."
A few days before the Swartz funeral, Lawrence Lessig praised his friend and sometimes clients in an essay, Prosecutor as Bully . He denounced the incompatibility of Swartz's prosecution and said, "The question the government must answer is why it is imperative that Aaron Swartz be labeled 'criminals' because in the 18 months of negotiations, that's what he does not want to accept." Cory Doctorow writes, "Aaron has a combination of unparalleled political insights, technical skills, and intelligence about people and problems, I think he can revolutionize American politics (and around the world).
Funeral and memorial meetings
The Swartz funeral service is held on January 15, 2013, at Central Avenue Synagogue in Highland Park, Illinois. Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the World Wide Web, delivered a speech. On the same day, the Wall Street Journal published a story based on an interview with Stinebrickner-Kauffman. He told the Journal that Swartz lacked the money to pay for his experiment and "it was too difficult for him to... make part of his life public" by asking for help. He was also sad, he said, because his two friends had just been summoned and because he no longer believed that MIT would try to stop prosecution.
Some memorials soon followed. On January 19, hundreds of memorial attendees at Cooper Union, speakers including Stinebrickner-Kauffman, Open Source advocate Doc Searls, Creative Commons' Glenn Otis Brown, Quinn Norton journalist, Roy Singham from ThoughtWorks, and David Segal of Demand Progress. On January 24th, there was a warning on the Internet Archive with speakers including Stinebrickner-Kauffman, Alex Stamos, Brewster Kahle, and Carl Malamud. On February 4, a memorial was held at the Cannon Building Office Building on Capitol Hill; speakers at this memorial include Senator Ron Wyden and Representatives Darrell Issa, Alan Grayson and Jared Polis, and other parliamentarians present including Sen. Elizabeth Warren and Representatives Zoe Lofgren and Jan Schakowsky. The commemoration also took place on March 12 at MIT Media Lab.
The Swartz family recommend GiveWell for donations in memory, an organization admired by Swartz, has collaborated with, and is the sole recipient of his will.
Legacy
Family responses and criticism
On January 12, 2013, Swartz's family and partners issued a statement, criticizing prosecutors and MIT. Speaking at his son's funeral on January 15, Robert Swartz said, "Aaron was murdered by the government, and MIT betrayed all its basic principles."
Mitch Kapor posted a statement on Twitter. Tom Dolan, husband of US Attorney for Massachusetts Carmen Ortiz, whose office adjudicated the Swartz case, responded with criticism of the Swartz family: "It is remarkable that in their own son's obey they blame others for his death and do not mention about 6 months of offers." This comment sparked some criticism; Esquire author Charlie Pierce replied, "the admiration with which her husband and her devotees let go" only "six months in federal prison, low security or not, is a further indication that something is really getting whacked by the way our prosecutors think today. "
In media and art
The Huffington Post reported that "Ortiz has faced a significant counterattack to pursue the case against Swartz, including a petition to the White House to dismiss him." Other news channels reported the same.
The Reuters News Office calls Swartz an "online icon" that "helps [ed] to create virtual volumes of information freely available to the public, including about 19 million pages of federal court documents." The Associated Press (AP) reports that the Swartz case "highlights an uncertain and growing community view of how to treat people who break into computer systems and share data to not enrich themselves, but to make it available to people "And the lawyer of JSTOR, former US District Attorney for the Southern District of New York, Mary Jo White, has asked the prosecutor to cancel the charges.
As discussed by editor Hrag Vartanian at Hyperallergic, Brooklyn, NY muralist BAMN ("With Any Means Necessary") created the Swartz mural. "Swartz is a wonderful human who fought tirelessly for our right to the free and open Internet," explained the artist. "He is much more than a 'Reddit man'."
In 2013, Kenneth Goldsmith presented the "Print Internet" exhibition to Swartz.
Aaron Swartz's fate was also featured in Dinesh D'Souza's conservative documentary 2014 Imagine the World Without Her, where D'Souza compared Swartz's prosecution for his own beliefs for violating campaign finance laws, and alleging that both cases it provides an example of selective and overzealous prosecution.
Aaron Swartz's legacy has been reported as strengthening open access to the scholarship movement. In Illinois, his home country, Swartz's influence led to state university faculty to adopt policies that support open access.
Internet's Own Boy: Aaron Swartz's Story
On January 11, 2014, marked the first anniversary of his death, a sudden preview was released from The Own Boy Internet: The Story of Aaron Swartz, a documentary about Swartz, the NSA, and SOPA. The film was officially released at the Sundance Film Festival January 2014. Democracy Now! covered the documentary release, as well as the life and legal case of Swartz, in a wide-ranging interview with director Brian Knappenberger, Swartz's father, brother and lawyer. This documentary is released under the Creative Commons License; His debut in theaters and on demand in June 2014.
Mashable called the documentary "a strong tribute to Aaron Swartz". Her debut at Sundance received a standing ovation. Mashable is printed, "With the help of experts, The Own's Internet Boy makes a clear argument: Swartz is unfairly a victim of the rights and freedoms he strives for." The Hollywood Reporter describes it as a "heartbreaking" story about "wunderkind technology persecuted by the US government", and should be seen "for anyone who knows enough to care about the legal way of organizing information transfer in the digital age".
Killman Killswitch
In October 2014, Killswitch , a film featuring Aaron Swartz, and Lawrence Lessig, Tim Wu, and Edward Snowden received World Premiere at the Woodstock Film Festival, where he won the Best Editing award. The film focuses on Swartz's integral role in battle to control the Internet.
In February 2015, Killswitch was invited to screen at the Capitol Visitor Center in Washington DC by Congressman Alan Grayson. The event was held on the eve of the historic decision of the Federal Communications Commission on Net Neutrality. Grayson Congressman Lawrence Lessig and Free Press CEO Craig Aaron talked about Swartz and his struggle on behalf of the free and open Internet at the event.
Congressman Grayson stated that Killswitch was "one of the most honest accounts of the battle to control the Internet - and access to the information itself." Richard von Busack of Metro Silicon Valley, writes of Killswitch, "Some of the most lenient uses of footage found on the side of The Atomic Cafà ©  ©". Fred Swegles of the Orange County Register, comments, "Anyone who values ​​unlimited access to information online is likely to be captivated by Killswitch , a gripping and fast-paced documentary." Kathy Gill of GeekWire asserts that Killswitch is much more than a dry reading of technical history Director Ali Akbarzadeh, producer Jeff Horn and author Chris Dollar created a human-centered story Most of the connections come from from Lessig and his relationship with Swartz. "
Other movies
The first independent biopic and film film about Aaron Swartz was made, titled "Patriot Web", Written and Directed by Film Director Darius Burke. It is set to be released on Amazon in the summer of 2018. It has a limited video on demand release in December 2017 in Reelhouse and also in January 2018 at Pivotshare
Another biography film about Swartz is in a work entitled "Think Aaron", produced by HBO.
Open Access
A longtime Open Access supporter, Swartz wrote in his book Guerilla Open Access Manifesto :
The whole world... scientific heritage... is increasingly duplicated and confined by a handful of private companies....
The Open Access Movement has fought bravely to ensure that scientists do not sign their copyright but instead ensure their work is published on the Internet, under conditions that allow anyone to access it.
Swartz supporters responded to the news of his death with an effort called #PDFTribute to promote Open Access. On January 12, Eva Vivalt, a development economist at the World Bank, began posting his academic articles online using the hashtag #pdftribute in honor of Swartz. Scholars send links to their work.
Death Swartz encourages calls for more open access to scientific data (eg, open science data).
The Think Computer Foundation and the Center for Information Technology Policy (CITP) at Princeton University announced a scholarship awarded to commemorate Aaron Swartz.
In 2013, Swartz was posthumously awarded the James Madison Award from the American Library Association for being "a vocal advocate for public participation in government and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed scientific articles."
In March, the editor and editorial of the Library Administration Journal resigned en masse , citing disagreements with the journal publisher, Routledge. One member of the council wrote about "a crisis of conscience about publishing in an unopened journal" following Aaron Swartz's death.
In 2002, Swartz stated that when he died, he wanted all of his hard drive contents available to the public.
Hacks
On January 13, 2013, Anonymous members hacked two websites on the MIT domain, replacing them with a tribute to Swartz asking members of the Internet community to use their deaths as a gathering point for open access movements. The banner includes a list of demands for the improvement of the U.S. copyright system, along with the Swartz Guerrilla Open Access Manifesto.
On the night of January 18, 2013, the MIT e-mail system was offline for ten hours. On January 22, e-mails sent to MIT were diverted by Aush0k and TibitXimer hackers to Korea Advanced Institute of Science & amp; Technology. All other traffic to MIT was transferred to a computer at Harvard University which published a statement entitled "R.I.P Aaron Swartz," with the text of a 2009 post by Swartz, accompanied by the chiptunes version of "The Star-Spangled Banner". MIT regains full control after about seven hours.
In the early hours of January 26, 2013, the website of the US Punishment Commission, USSC.gov, was hacked by Anonymous. Home page replaced with embedded YouTube video, Anonymous Operation Last Resort . The video statement says Swartz "faces an impossible choice".
A hacker downloaded "hundreds of thousands" of scholarly journal articles from a Swiss publisher website and republished on the open Web in Swartz's honor a week before the first anniversary of his death.
MIT and Abelson's investigation
MIT maintains an open campus policy along with an "open network." Two days after the death of Swartz, MIT President L. Rafael Reif commissioned Professor Hal Abelson to lead an analysis of MIT's choices and decisions regarding Swartz's "legal struggle." To help guide the fact-finding stage of the review, MIT creates a website where community members can suggest questions and issues for review by review.
Swartz's lawyers have requested that all pretrial discovery documents be published, a move MIT oppose. Swartz's allies have criticized MIT for its opposition to the release of evidence without editors.
On July 26, 2013, Abelson's panel submitted a 182 page report to MIT president, L. Rafael Reif, who authorized his public release on 30 July. The Panel reported that MIT did not support the allegations against Swartz and clean up the wrongdoing institutions.. However, the report also notes that although MIT advocates for open access cultures at the institutional level and beyond, the university has never extended support for Swartz. The report revealed, for example, that when MIT considered the possibility of issuing public statements about its position in the case, it never materialized.
Petition to the White House
After Swartz's death, more than 50,000 people signed an online petition to the White House calling for Ortiz's disappearance, "to go beyond the limit in the case of Aaron Swartz." The same petition was filed to appeal the shooting of prosecutor Stephen Heymann.
In January 2015, two years after Swartz's death, the White House rejected both petitions.
Congress
Some members of the US House of Representatives - the Republic of Darrell Issa and the Democrats Jared Polis and Zoe Lofgren - all at the House of Justice Committee, have raised questions about the government's handling of the case. Calling the accusations against him "silly and contrived," said Polis. Swartz was a "martyr", whose death described the need for Congress to limit the wisdom of federal prosecutors. Speaking in warning for Swartz on Capitol Hill, Issa says
Ultimately, knowledge is the property of everybody in the world.... Aaron understands it.... Our copyright laws are made for the purpose of promoting useful work, not hiding it.
Massachusetts Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren issued a statement saying "advocacy [Aaron] for Internet freedom, social justice, and Wall Street reform shows... the power of his ideas...." In a letter to Attorney General Eric Holder, the Texas Republican Senator John Cornyn asked, "On what basis did the US Attorney for the District of Massachusetts conclude that his office behavior is 'right'?" and "Is Mr. Swartz's prosecution in retaliation for the exercise of his rights as a citizen under the Freedom of Information Act?"
congressional investigation
Issa, who heads the Government's Supervisory and Reform Commission, announced that he will investigate the Justice Department's actions in prosecuting Swartz. In a statement to the Huffington Post he praised Swartz's work toward "open government and free access to people." Issa's investigation has garnered bipartisan support.
On January 28, 2013, Issa and a member of the Elijah Cummings ranking committee published a letter to the US Attorney General, questioning why federal prosecutors have filed false charges.
On February 20, WBUR reported that Ortiz was expected to testify at the upcoming Oversight Committee meeting on his office handling of the Swartz case.
On February 22, Associate Deputy Attorney General Steven Reich briefed the congressional staff involved in the investigation. They are told that Swartz's Guerilla Open Access Manifesto plays a role in the decision-making of the prosecutor's office. Some have reportedly been left with the impression that prosecutors believe Swartz should be punished for a criminal offense brings at least a short prison sentence to justify after filing a case against him in the first place.
Forcing the Department of Justice as the "Department of Judgment", Stinebrickner-Kauffman told the Guardian that the DOJ had erred in relying on the Swartz Guerilla Open Access Manifesto as an accurate indication of his belief in 2010. " no longer a single problem activist, "he said. "He does a lot of things, from health care, climate change to money in politics."
On March 6, Holder testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that the case was "well used for prosecution policy." Stinebrickner-Kauffman issued a reply statement, repeating and reinforcing his claim for a prosecutor's offense. The public document, he wrote, reveals that prosecutor Stephen Heymann "instructed the Secret Service to confiscate and hold evidence without a warrant... lying to the judge about that fact in written writing... [and] withholding liberating evidence... for more than a year, "violates its legal and ethical obligations to submit it.
On March 22, Senator Al Franken wrote a letter expressing concern. Franken said, "prosecuting a young man like Mr. Swartz with federal offenses punished with more than 35 years of federal prison seems very aggressive - especially when it appears that one of the main parties who are harmed... does not support criminal prosecution."
Amendment to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
In 2013, Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif.) Introducing the Bill, Harun Law (HR 2454, S. 1196) to exclude breach of service provision from the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and from wire fraud laws.
Lawrence Lessig writes about the law, "this is a very important change.... The CFAA is a binder for government oppression.... This law will remove the hook in a single line: it will no longer be a criminal offense. to breach the contract. "Professor Orin Kerr, a specialist in the relationship between computer law and criminal law, writes that he has been arguing for exactly like the reform of this Act for years. The ACLU, also, called for the CFAA reform to "eliminate the criminalization of dangerous online activities." The EFF has stepped up a campaign for this reform.
Lessig Lesson Lessons as Furman's Law and Leaders Professor entitled Harun's Law: Law and Justice in the Digital Age ; he dedicates his lectures to Swartz.
The Bill of Aaron Law stops on the committee since May 2014, reportedly due to the financial interests of Oracle Corporation.
Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act
Fair Access to the Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR) is a law that will mandate the previous public release of tax-funded research. FASTR has been described as "The Other Harun Law."
Senator Ron Wyden (D-Ore.) And Senator John Cornyn (R-Tex.) Introducing the Senate version, in 2013 and again in 2015, while the bill was introduced to the DPR by Reps. Zoe Lofgren (D-Calif.), Mike Doyle (D-Pa.) And Kevin Yoder (R-Kans.). Senator Wyden writes about the law, "FASTR's actions provide that access to taxpayer-funded research should not be hidden behind paywall."
While the law has not passed by October 2015, it has helped to push some moves toward more open access on the part of the US government. Shortly after the original introduction of the bill, the Office of Science and Technology Policy directed "each Federal agency with more than $ 100 million in annual behavior of research and development spending to develop plans to support increased public access to research results funded by the Federal Government.. "
Warning
On August 3, 2013, Swartz was posthumously inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame. There hackathon held in memory of Swartz around the date of his birthday in 2013. During the weekend of November 8 to 10, 2013, inspired by the work and life of Swartz, the second annual hackathon held in at least 16 cities around the world.. Topics PreliminarHuby who worked on Aaron Swartz Hackathon 2013 is a device and software privacy, transparency, activism, access, improved laws, and the scanner's valuable book. In January 2014, Lawrence Lessig led a walk through New Hampshire in honor of Swartz, garnering support for campaign finance reform.
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Source of the article : Wikipedia
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