Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

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Disruptive food intake/limited intake ( ARFID ), formerly known as selective eating disorder ( SED ), is types of eating disorders, and eating disorders, where certain food consumption is limited based on appearance, smell, taste, texture, brand, presentation, or past negative experiences with food.

Video Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

Definisi

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5) was renamed "Eating Disorders of Infants or Early Childhood" to Avoid/Restrict Food Food Disorders, and expand diagnostic criteria. Formerly defined as an exclusive disorder for children and adolescents, the DSM-5 extends the disorder to include adults who limit their eating and are affected by related physiological or psychological problems, but which are not included in the definition of other eating disorders.

The DSM-5 defines the following diagnostic criteria:

• Disruption in eating or eating, as evidenced by one or more:
  • Substantial weight loss (or, in children, no weight gain is expected)
  • Lack of nutrition
  • Dependency on the filler tube or dietary supplement
  • Significant psychosocial interference
• Distractions are not due to unavailability of food, or observation of cultural norms
• Disorders are not due to anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, and there is no evidence of impairment in body shape or weight experience
• The disorder is not better explained by other medical conditions or mental disorders, or when it coincides with other conditions, the disorder exceeds what is usually caused by the condition

In previous years, DSM was not inclusive in recognizing all the challenges associated with eating and eating disorders in 3 main domains:

• Other Unspecified Eating Disorders (EDNOS) is an all-inclusive placeholder group for all individuals who challenge by feeding
• Early/Early Eating Disorder Categories are known to be too broad, limiting specifications when handling this behavior
• There are children and teenagers who feed challenges but do not fit into the current category

Children are often picky about food, this does not mean they meet the criteria for ARFID diagnosis. In addition, self-identification having ARFID can contribute to the condition.

Maps Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

Signs and symptoms

People with ARFID have an inability to eat certain foods. "Safe" foods may be limited to certain types of food and even certain brands. In some cases, individuals with this condition will exclude whole food groups, such as fruit or vegetables. Sometimes excluded foods can be rejected by color. Some people may only like foods that are very hot or very cold, foods that are very crispy or hard to chew, or very soft foods, or avoid sauce.

Most people with ARFID will maintain a healthy or distinctive weight. No specific external appearance associated with ARFID. Patients [sic] may experience physical gastrointestinal reactions to harmful foods such as vomiting, vomiting or choking. Several studies have identified symptoms of social avoidance due to their eating habits. However, most will change their eating habits if they can.

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Comorbidity

The determination of the cause of ARFID has been difficult due to the lack of diagnostic criteria and concrete definitions. However, many are proposing other conditions that occur along with ARFID.

There are different types of 'sub-categories' identified for ARFID:

• Sensory-based evasion, in which individuals reject food intake based on smell, texture, color, brand, presentation
• Lack of interest in consuming food, or tolerating it near
• Food is associated with a fear-induced stimulus that has developed through learned history

ARFID and autism

ARFID symptoms are usually found with other symptoms of the disorder. Some forms of eating disorders are found in 80% of children who also have developmental disabilities. Children often show symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism. Although many people with ARFID have symptoms of this disorder, they are usually not eligible for full diagnosis. Strict behavior patterns and difficulty adjusting to new things are common symptoms in patients who are on the autistic spectrum. A study conducted by Schreck at Pennsylvania State University compares the eating habits of children with ASD and typically develops children. After analyzing their diet, they suggest that children with some degree of ASD have higher selective feeding rates. These children are found to have a similar selective diet and prefer energy-dense foods such as nuts and seeds. Eating an energy-dense diet can put these children at greater risk for health problems like obesity and other chronic diseases because of the high fat content and low energy energy-dense fibers. Due to bonding with ASD, children tend to overcome their selective eating behaviors and most likely have to meet with doctors to overcome their eating problems.

ARFID as an anxiety disorder

The avoidance of certain foods can be caused by a food phobia that causes great anxiety when someone is presented with a new or worrisome meal. Most eating disorders are related to the fear of weight gain. Those who have ARFID do not have this fear, but psychological symptoms and anxiety are created similarly. Some people with ARFID have fears such as Emetophobia (fear of vomiting) or fear of choking, but this is not common.

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Clinical diagnosis

Doctors will often follow diagnostic lists to test whether a person exhibits behaviors and characteristics that can lead to an ARFID diagnosis. The doctor will look at the various foods consumed by the individual, as well as the size of the food portion received. They will also question how long the avoidance or rejection of certain foods has been going on, and if there are related medical problems, such as malnutrition. Unlike most eating disorders, there may be a higher ARFID level in boys compared with young girls.

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Treatment

For adults

Over time, the symptoms of ARFID can be reduced and eventually can disappear without treatment. However, in some cases treatment will be necessary because the symptoms persist into adulthood. The most common type of treatment for ARFIDs is some form of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Working with a doctor can help change behavior faster than symptoms usually disappear without treatment.

There is a support group for adults with ARFID.

For children

Children can benefit from a four-stage home care program based on the principles of systematic desensitization. Four stages of care are notes, gifts, relaxing and reviews.

• In the recording stage, children are encouraged to keep a log of their typical eating behavior without trying to change their habits and their cognitive feelings.
• The award stage involves systematic desensitization. Children make lists of foods they may want to try to eat for a few days. These foods may not differ drastically from their normal diet, but perhaps known foods are prepared in different ways. Since the goal is for children to try new foods, children are rewarded when they taste new foods.
• The relaxation stage is very important for children who suffer from severe anxiety when served with bad food. Children learn to relax to reduce the anxiety they feel. Children work through a list of stimuli that produce anxiety and can create storylines with casual images and scenarios. Often these stories can also include the introduction of new foods with the help of real people or fantasies. Children then listen to this story before eating new food as a way to imagine themselves participating in various types of expanded food while relaxing.
• Last stage, review, it's important to keep track of child development. It is important to include one-to-one sessions with children, as well as with parents to get a clear picture of how the child's progress and if relaxation techniques work.

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See also

• Food Neophobia
• Orthorexia nervosa

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References

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External links

• Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), Eating Disorder Center in Sheppard Pratt
• An Overview of Teens Who Choose Meals and Other Eating Disorders, by the Pediatric Food Rejection Association
• Other "Eating Disorder", by the Somerset and Wessex Breakdown Association
• Welcome to the Eating Disorders Team, UCL Institute of Child Health
• "Cognitive Therapist Daniel Mattila on Picky Eating", radio interview

Source of the article : Wikipedia