Breastfeeding in public is the practice of breastfeeding infants in public or semi-public places in public view. Social attitudes and legal protection of practice vary widely. In many countries, both in the Global South and in some Western countries, breastfeeding in public places is common and is generally not considered a problem. In those countries, the law protects nursing mothers. In many parts of the world including Australia, parts of the United States, and Europe, along with several countries in Asia, women have strong legal rights to nurses in public and at work. Some countries, such as Saudi Arabia, strictly forbid women to expose their breasts in public, even to breastfeeding.
Although the practice is legally acceptable or socially acceptable, some women may be reluctant to publicly expose the breasts to breast-feed because of actual or potential objections by others, negative comments, or harassment. It is estimated that approximately 63% of mothers worldwide have been breastfed in general. The media have reported numerous incidents in which workers or members of the community have refused or forbidden breastfeeding women. Some mothers avoid negative attention and choose to move to another location. But some mothers have protested their treatment, and if the practice is permitted by law, have taken legal action or engaged in protests. Protests have included a public boycott of the offenders business, arranging "nurse-in" or flash mob breastfeeding, where breastfeeding mothers groups gather in locations where complaints originate and care for their babies at the same time. In response, some companies have apologized and agreed to train their employees.
Video Breastfeeding in public
Attitude by country and continent
Afrika
In many parts of Africa breastfeeding in public is the norm. Babies are usually carried to the mother's back with a long cloth and just moved forward to be fed. Breastfeeding mothers can protect the view of breastfeeding babies, but generally no effort is made to hide the baby and mother's breast from view. When the baby is seen crying in public, it is assumed that the woman with the baby is not the mother of the child, because usually she will feed her baby if she is the mother.
Morocco
Breast feeding is legal and widely accepted.
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone has the highest infant mortality rate in the world. During the journey of goodwill to the country, actress Salma Hayek suckled on a hungry week-old baby camera whose mother could not produce milk. He said he did it to reduce the stigma associated with breastfeeding and to encourage baby nutrition.
Asia
China
Breastfeeding in public in China is traditionally not controversial, and objections have been heard through the 2010s. Some recent examples of rejection seem to be the result of social media enlargement.
In Shanghai, breastfeeding in public is considered embarrassing by some, but also accepted by many. There is a call for the establishment of a babycare facility in a public place.
India
India does not have any laws that deal with breastfeeding. Prevalence and social acceptance vary from region to region. In rural India it is perfectly acceptable. Breastfeeding in public is not the norm in the higher segment of society, but is quite common in the lower economies.
Malaysia
Breastfeeding is openly accepted in Malaysia.
Nepal
Nepal does not have a law on breastfeeding publicly. Breast feeding is common and widely accepted. It is not uncommon to see mothers breast-feeding their babies in public places such as buses, parks, restaurants, hospitals, etc. In Nepal. In Nepalese society, breastfeeding is considered a must for mothers. Mothers who are not or can not breastfeed their children are considered 'bokshi' - 'wizards', and many social stigma attaches to them.
Philippines
In the Philippines, breastfeeding is protected by various laws, such as Expanding the 2009 Breastfeeding Promotion Act and Philippines Milk Code (Executive Order 51). Mothers are allowed to breastfeed in public. Employers are required to allow resting employees to breastfeed or extort breast milk. The law also states that the interval should not be less than a total of forty (40) minutes for every eight (8) hours of working period. Offices, public companies such as malls and schools, and government agencies are required to build separate lactation stations from bathrooms, where mothers can breastfeed their babies or milk milk. The Milk Code prohibits advertising of infant formula or baby pacifier for babies under two years.
Saudi Arabia
Although women can not show their body parts in public, breastfeeding is an exception. It is very common for women to breastfeed in malls and parks, and that is acceptable among people in Saudi Arabia.
Taiwan
Since November 2010, the Public Breastfeeding Act has protected the right to breastfeed in public, while lactation rooms are prepared to handle privacy and provide access to hot water and power supplies, with fines for interference with the mother's right to breastfeed. After expelling the breastfeeding mother of the National Palace Museum on July 18, 2012 and infuriated many Taiwan web site users, the allegedly offensive employee and her employer were both fined 6000 Taiwan dollars (about 200 US dollars), the Health Ministry, Taipei City Government (China : ???????? ), but the Museum will file an appeal.
Europe
French
Breast feeding is legal and widely accepted.
German
Although breastfeeding is generally widely accepted, especially since the 1968 Movement when the public "Nurse-Ins" (German: Still-Inns ) is common, there is no laws that specifically deal with breastfeeding in public.
Paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany states that "parental care and care as a natural right of the parents" while verse 4 "entitles every mother to the protection and care of the people".
Iceland
Breast feeding is widespread and not controversial.
Italy
In Italy, general breastfeeding is legal and accepted by many people.
Dutch
Breast feeding is common and widely accepted by the public. There is no law against public breastfeeding. Dutch law states that when an employee wants to breastfeed the child, the employer is required to provide, for the first nine months after birth, the appropriate treatment room and allow 25% of the work time to be spent on breastfeeding the baby or pumping while on pay. After the first nine months, the employer still has to make sure the conditions for breastfeeding are met (such as timely rest, treatment room, safe environment, etc.) But do not have to pay again for the time spent breastfeeding or pumping.
Norwegian
Breast feeding is widespread and not controversial.
Spanish
Breast feeding is legal and widely accepted.
United Kingdom
Breastfeeding in public places (restaurants, cafes, libraries etc.) Protected by the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 under the terms of goods, facilities and service sections. If the child is under six months of age, the mother has additional protection under the 2008 amendments to measures that protect pregnancy rights. It was replaced by the Equality Act 2010 which explains that businesses should not discriminate against a woman who is breastfeeding a child of any age in a public place. His friend (s) is also protected by this action.
A 2004 UK Department of Health survey found that 84% (about five out of six people) found breastfeeding publicly acceptable if done secretly; However, 67% (two out of three) mothers are worried about general opinions on breastfeeding. To combat this fear in Scotland, the Scottish Parliament passed a law protecting women's freedom to breastfeed publicly in 2005. The law allows a fine of up to £ 2,500 to prevent breastfeeding a child until the age of two in public. the place,
Vatican City
In 2014 during the ceremony commemorating the Baptism of Jesus, Pope Francis voiced his support for mothers who breast-feed their children in public spaces, including churches. On January 9, 2017 he reiterated his support for public breastfeeding.
North America
Canada
In Canada, Article 28 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom provides equal rights and freedoms to men and women, without explicitly mentioning breastfeeding. INFACT Canada is a national non-governmental organization that aims to protect the health of infants and young children and the well-being of mothers through the promotion and support of breastfeeding and optimal infant feeding practices. This is an organization that provides support and education for Canadian mothers.
Beyond the objection that is degrading or inhuman, the law considers a woman's breasts in Canada equal to a man's breasts in Canada. See Topfreedom in Canada.
A woman asked in 2009 at a shop by an employee to stop breastfeeding openly, supported by a manager, then received an apology and recognition of the right of the customer to breastfeed. A worker at YMCA at St. John's told the nursing mother to leave the premises. The mother fed her seven-month-old daughter in a private dressing room, which required a monthly fee. YMCA CEO Jason Brown later apologized, stating "This situation has made us reflect and review, and of course we see no reason why there should be restrictions for women breastfeeding their babies in adult dressing rooms."
The Inuit
The Inuit children have the lowest breastfeeding rate among Canadian Aboriginal populations, much lower than the average Canadian. According to statistical reports of 2006, 24% of Inuit children were never breastfed. There are health promotion programs designed to increase knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding among Inuit women.
United States
A number of problems restrict mothers from breastfeeding in public in the United States. In 2011, the US Surgeon General issued an appeal to promote breastfeeding and stated in it: "Although focusing on female breast sexuality is common in the mass media, visual images of breastfeeding are rare, and a mother may never see a woman breastfeeding." Another problem, especially in extended breastfeeding, is that US medical providers are not trained in supporting breastfeeding mothers. In a survey of medical professionals published in 2012, including doctors, midwives, residents, and nursing students, only 57.8% felt that breastfeeding over the age of 1 year was normal. Recommendations for breastfeeding for at least one year, but by 2016 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that only 51.8% of infants are breastfed at 6 months and 30.7% of infants are breastfed at 1 year of age.
In a 2004 survey by the American Dietetic Association, 43% of 3,719 respondents believed that women should have the right to breastfeed in public. In some public places and workplaces, rooms for nursing mothers have been personally appointed.
The US law regulating breastfeeding varies from state to state and federal law is restricted to federal government places only. The bill of appropriation of the United States House of Representatives (HR 2490) contains an amendment specifically permitting breastfeeding to have been signed into law on 29 September 1999. It stipulates that no government funds can be used to enforce any ban on women breastfeeding their children in federal buildings or on federal property. Furthermore, federal law also came into effect in 1999 specifically stipulating that "a woman may breastfeed her child at a location in a federal building or on a federal property, if the woman and her child are otherwise authorized to be present at the site."
Section 4207 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act alter the Fair Employment Standard Law and require employers to provide reasonable time off for an employee to breastfeed their child if she is less than one year old. Employees should be allowed to breastfeed in a private place, other than the bathroom. The employer does not have to pay employees during the break. Employers with fewer than 50 employees are not required to comply with the law if it would impose undue hardship to the employer on the basis of their size, finance, nature or business structure.
A number of incidents of breastfeeding breastfeeding that received media attention prompted several US states to act. These incidents include viral videos of people who harass mothers who are publicly breastfeeding, protesting, and social media campaigns. Special incidents with Target employees harassing breastfeeding mothers help to launch new trends with companies making breastfeeding acceptable in their stores.
As of September 2015, 49 states, the District of Columbia and the Virgin Islands have passed a law that explicitly allows women to breastfeed publicly. Idaho (along with Puerto Rico) is the only exception (although Idaho frees nursing women from jury duties). Furthermore, 29 states, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands relieve them of prosecution for public indecency or indecent exposure to do so.
Oceania
Australia
Section 7AA of the 1984 Sex Discrimination Act specifically prohibits discrimination against a woman because she is breastfeeding. The ban also applies to public or semi-public places. State and Territory Laws are different, but it is generally illegal to discriminate women who are breastfeeding in public places as protected attributes in five jurisdictions and with proxies from other laws existing in other jurisdictions.
The Australian Breastfeeding Association was founded in Melbourne, Victoria in 1964 as the Association of Breastfeeding Mothers, and together with many health professionals, encouraged and assisted mothers to breastfeed their babies, if necessary also in public places.
In February 2003, Kirstie Marshall, a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, was expelled from Parliament to breastfeed her 11-day-old baby on the grounds that the infant "stranger" is not entitled to be in the Chamber. As a result, a special room is prepared for use by nursing mothers. The 2007 Committee of Health and Aging Boards in breastfeeding suggested that the Houses of Parliament seek official accreditation from the Australian Breeding Association as a lactating workplace. In March 2008, Chief Officers approved the recommendation and work was initiated to provide facilities to assist breastfeeding mothers at the Parliament Building. Two small rooms are available, one on each side of the Houses of Parliament, for lawmakers and other building occupants for breastfeeding or milking. The accreditation certificate was given in a ceremony in parliament on October 17, 2008.
New Zealand
Breastfeeding is recommended and general breastfeeding is common. In fact, bottle feeding is strongly discouraged so that public bottle feeding can make a mother feel more uncomfortable than breastfeeding in public. Many shopping centers provide "parents rooms" where mothers can change and feed their babies comfortably.
South America
In most areas of South America breastfeeding is the norm and general breastfeeding is common in buses, parks, malls, etc. It is less common to see general bottle feeding than breastfeeding. While women are rarely seen breastfeeding in upscale restaurants or on the streets of big cities, nursing is encouraged and considered normal and breastfeeding mothers are not viewed as sexual objects.
Maps Breastfeeding in public
Recent controversy
Breastfeeding while working in Canada
Under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Rights, women are protected against discrimination, but Canada is the only country that does not pay breastfeeding rations. Although more than 26% of mothers breast-feed, many of them are forced to quit due to work restrictions.
Breastfeeding public in the US.
There is an incident of the owner of the premises, or the person present, objection or forbidding breastfeeding. In some cases, mothers have left. In other cases, where the law that guarantees the right to breastfeeding has been violated, legal action has been taken. Some companies have even apologized afterward. A woman who was not allowed to breastfeed despite showing Kentucky law that allowed her to do right, left but then organized some "nurse-in" protests in front of restaurants and other public places.
In June 2007, Brooke Ryan ate in a booth at the rear of the Applebee's restaurant when she began breast-feeding her seven-month-old son. Although he tried to be cautious, other patrons complained to managers about indecent exposure. Both were waiters and the manager asked her to cover it up. He gave a copy of Kentucky law that permitted breastfeeding in general, but he did not want to give up. He chose to feed his son in his car, and then organized a "nanny" protest in front of the restaurant and other public locations. Most US states (49 per September 2015) have laws that explain women's right to breastfeed in public.
In 2008 a woman in New Orleans put a tent on her truck at a street festival so she could take care of her daughter privately. He was quoted by police for "unauthorized booth" and was expelled from a street festival.
Babytalk magazine cover
In 2006, editors of the USS Babytalk magazine received many complaints from readers after the August issue of the cover depicted a nursing infant on the naked breast. Although nipple models are not shown, readers - many of them are moms - write that the image is "dirty". In a follow-up poll, a quarter of the 4,000 readers who responded argued that the cover was negative. Babytalk editor Susan Kane commented, "There is a big puritanical style in America."
Mother & amp; Baby magazine
In June 2010, a representative editor for the leading UK parenting magazine Mother & amp; Baby triggered a storm of protest when she described breastfeeding as "creepy." Kathryn Blundell told readers that she bottled her child from birth because, "I want my body back [and] to give my breasts at least a chance to stay on my chest rather than hanging on my stomach." She makes the reader angry when she writes about her breasts: "They're part of my sexuality, too - not just breasts, but fun bags, and when you have that attitude (and I admit I'm not trying to change it), see you baby tiny, and innocent that stuck to where previously only a lover, feels a bit creepy. "His anti-nursing tone of the article pushed six complaints to the UK Press Complaints Commission and sparked considerable online debate. The magazine also received dozens of support messages.
Barbara Walters
In 2005, US television presenter Barbara Walters said at her talk show The View that she felt uncomfortable sitting next to a breastfeeding mother during the flight. His comments made some shocked audiences who started organizing protests via the internet. A group of about 200 mothers held a common "nurse" where they breast-fed their baby outside ABC's headquarters in New York.
Prototype target store
In December 2011, Michelle Hickman was breastfeeding her baby behind a Target store in Houston, Texas. Although closed, he was asked by two employees to move into the fitting room. Hickman said one of his employees told him, "You can get tickets and reported for indecent exposure." He reported abuse on Facebook, and in response a number of mothers organized a public "nurse-in" at Target stores across the United States in cities including Houston, Knoxville, and Decatur, Illinois. Trace Gallagher at FoxNews reported on the protests, and host American Women's Live Megyn Kelly commented, "You know, I have a lot of thoughts on this, Trace." He explained, "Let me put it this way: I used to feel a lot of difference before I had a baby and you were breastfeeding, they needed to be fed and sometimes they do not like the cover, and before you know it, you're Megyn Kelly and you show your breasts all over plane. "
In May 2012, two members of the National Guard Air Force stationed at Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington, participated in a breastfeeding awareness campaign organized by Mom2Mom of the Fairchild Breastfeeding Support Group. Photographer Brynja Sigurdardottir, also a military wife, performed and photographed Terran Echegoyen-McCabe and Christina Luna in uniformed breastfeeding. Crystal Scott, founder of Mom2Mom, said people thought the photo was a disgrace to the uniform and compared their actions to defecation or uniform urination. Some military personnel feel that it is impossible for a woman to maintain professional military bearings while breastfeeding in uniform. But some veteran military members on active duty who are also mothers are more supportive, suggesting that women are increasing the prestige of the military. The photos quickly became viral and shared around the world. To help reduce the controversy, Sigurdardottir removes photos from his Facebook page and fan page. The intention is to raise awareness and support for women who breastfeed, inside and outside the military. When controversy arose, the message quickly disappeared among critics.
While the US Air Force does not support the images, their commanding officers permit women to be photographed in uniform while breastfeeding. The US military protects uniformed women by allowing them to delay applying for 4 to 12 months after delivery for breastfeeding purposes. Members of breastfeeding services are given regular breaks for breastfeeding or pumping while on duty, and provided a convenient and personal place to do so.
Facebook Controversy
Facebook has been criticized for removing photos of nursing mothers of their children, citing offensive content in violation of the Facebook Terms of Service. Facebook claims that these photos violate their courtesy code by showing open breasts, even when the baby is covering her nipples. This action is described as hypocritical, as Facebook takes several days to respond to calls to disable paid advertisements for dating services that use topless model photos.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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