Social media is a computer-mediated technology that facilitates the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks. The various stand-alone and integrated social media services currently available introduce the challenge of definition; however, there are some common features:
- Social media is an interactive 2.0 web-based application.
- User-generated content, like text or comment posts, digital photos or videos, and data generated through all online interactions, is the lifeblood of social media.
- Users create service-specific profiles for websites or apps designed and maintained by social media organizations.
- Social media facilitates the development of online social networks by connecting user profiles with other people or groups.
Users typically access social media services via web-based technologies on desktops, computers and laptops, or download services that offer social media functionality to their mobile devices (e.g., Smartphones and tablet computers). When involved with this service, users can create highly interactive platforms through which individuals, communities, and organizations can share, co-create, discuss and modify user-generated content or pre-made content posted online. They "introduce substantial and pervasive change to communication between organizations, communities, and individuals." Social media changes the way individuals and large organizations communicate. This change is the focus of the emerging field of engineering studies. Social media is different from paper-based media (eg, magazines and newspapers) to traditional electronic media such as TV broadcasts in many ways, including quality, range, frequency, interactivity, usability, immediacy, and performance. Social media operates in a dialogical transmission system (many sources to many recipients). This is in contrast to traditional media operating under a monologic transmission model (one source to many recipients), such as newspapers sent to multiple customers, or radio stations that broadcast the same program across the city. Some of the most popular social media websites are Baidu Tieba, Facebook (and Facebook Messenger), Google, Myspace, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Snapchat, Tumblr, Twitter, Viber, VK, WeChat, Weibo, WhatsApp, and Wikia. This social media website has more than 100,000,000 registered users.
In America, a 2015 survey reports that 71 percent of teenagers have a Facebook account. Over 60% of 13 to 17 year olds have at least one profile on social media, with many spending more than two hours a day on social networking sites. According to Nielsen, internet users continue to spend more time on social media sites than on other types of sites. At the same time, total time spent on social media sites across the US across PCs and mobile devices increased 99 percent to 121 billion minutes in July 2012 compared to 66 billion minutes in July 2011. For content contributors, the benefits of participating in social media have goes beyond simply social sharing to build reputation and bring career opportunities and monetary income.
Observers have noted the various positive and negative impacts of social media use. Social media can help improve individual sense of connection with real or online communities, and social media can be an effective communication tool (or marketing) for companies, entrepreneurs, nonprofit organizations, including advocacy groups and political parties and governments. At the same time, concern has been raised about possible links between heavy use of social media and depression, and even cyberbullying issues, online harassment and "trolling". Currently, about half of young adults have experienced cyberbullying and they, 20 percent say they have experienced cyberbullying regularly. Another survey was conducted among seventh graders in America, known as the Precautionary Process Adoption Model. According to the study, 69 percent of 7th graders claimed to have experienced cyberbullying and they also said it was worse than face-to-face intimidation. But both bullies and victims affected negatively, intensity, duration, and frequency are the three aspects that increase the negative effects on both.
Video Social media
Histori
Social media has a history dating from the 1970s. The ARPANET, first online in 1969, in the late 1970s developed a rich cultural exchange of non-government/business ideas and communication, as evidenced by ARPANET # Rules and etiquette "A 1982 handbook on computing at AI Lab MIT states about network etiquette, "and fully meets the definition of the term" social media "currently found in this article. Usenet, who arrived in 1979, was actually defeated by the predecessor of an electronic bulletin board system (BBS) known as Community Memory in 1973. The correct electronic bulletin board system arrived with Computer Bulletin Board Systems in Chicago, which first came online on February 16, 1978. Soon, most major cities have more than one BBS running on TRS-80, Apple II, Atari, IBM PC, Commodore 64, Sinclair, and similar personal computers.
The IBM PC brought us back to 1981, with a number of Mac and PC computers in use throughout the 1980s. Some modems, followed by dedicated telecom hardware enable many online users simultaneously. Compuserve, Prodigy and AOL are the three largest BBS companies and were the first to migrate to the Internet in the 1990s. Between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s, BBS was tens of thousands in North America alone. Message forums (specific social media structures) emerged with the BBS phenomenon throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. When the Internet arrived in the mid-1990s, message forums migrated online, became Internet forums, primarily because of cheaper access per person and the ability to handle more people simultaneously than telco modem banks.
GeoCities was one of the earliest social networking websites on the Internet, which appeared in November 1994, followed by Classmates in December 1995, Six Degrees in May 1997, Open Diary in October 1998, LiveJournal in April 1999, Ryze in October 2001, Friendster on March 2002, LinkedIn in May 2003, hi5 in June 2003, MySpace in August 2003, Orkut in January 2004, Facebook in February 2004, Yahoo! 360 Â ° in March 2005, Bebo in July 2005, Twitter in July 2006, Tumblr in February 2007, and Google in July 2011.
Maps Social media
Definition and classification
A range of integrated and integrated social media services that are constantly evolving introduce the challenge of definition. The idea that social media is defined by their ability to unite people has been seen as too broad a definition, since it will show that telegraph and telephone are also social media - not technologies that scientists want to explain. Terminology is not clear, with some referring to social media as a social network.
A 2015 paper reviews the outstanding literature in the field and identifies four unique similarities to current social media services:
- social media is a web 2.0 2.0 application,
- user-generated content (UGC) is the lifeblood of the social media organism,
- users create service-specific profiles for sites or apps designed and maintained by social media organizations,
- social media facilitates the development of online social networks by linking user profiles with other people or groups.
By 2016, Merriam-Webster defines social media as "A form of electronic communication (such as a website) where people create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, etc."
Social media technologies take various forms including blogs, business networks, corporate social networks, forums, microblogs, photo sharing, product/service reviews, social bookmarking, social games, social networking, video sharing and virtual worlds. The development of social media starts with a simple platform like sixdegrees.com. Unlike instant messaging clients like ICQ and AOL AIM, or chat clients like IRC, iChat or Chat Television, sixdegrees.com is the first online business created for real people, using their real names. However, the first social networks were short-lived because their users lost interest. Social Network Revolution has led to the emergence of networking sites. Research shows that viewers spend 22 percent of their time on social networking sites, thus proving how popular social media platforms are. This increase is due to smartphones that now exist in the daily life of most humans.
Viral content
Some social media sites have a greater potential for content posted there to spread virally through social networking. This is the analogy of the concept of viral infections in biology, some of which can spread rapidly from infected people to others. In the context of social media, "viral" (or "viral") content or websites are those with a greater likelihood that users will reshare content posted (by other users) to their social networks, leading to sharing Furthermore. In some cases, posts containing controversial content (e.g., Kim Kardashian naked photos "damaging the Internet" and crashing servers) or quick news have been quickly shared and redistributed by a large number of users. Many social media sites provide special functionality to help users reshare content - for example, Twitter retweet button, Pinterest pin function, Facebook share option or Tumblr reblog function. Businesses have a particular interest in viral marketing tactics because such a campaign can reach a broad range of ads (especially if the "viral" postings themselves make news) for a fraction of the cost of traditional marketing campaigns (for example, billboard ads, television ads, , etc.). Nonprofits and activists may share the same interest in posting content online in the hope that it becomes viral.
Mobile users
Mobile social media refers to the use of social media on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. This is a mobile marketing app group that enables the creation, exchange, and circulation of user-generated content. Due to the fact that mobile social media runs on mobile devices, they are different from traditional social media by incorporating new factors such as the current user location (location sensitivity) or time delay between sending and receiving messages (time sensitivity). According to Andreas Kaplan, mobile social media applications can be divided into four types:
- Timer (location sensitive and time sensitive): Exchange messages with most relevance for a single location at a given point in time (eg Facebook Places What's Foursquare app)
- Space finder (sensitive location only): Message exchanges, with relevance for a specific location, marked to a specific place and then read by others (eg Yelp; Qype, Tumblr, Fishbrain)
- Quick timer (time-sensitive only): Transfer traditional social media applications to mobile devices to improve proximity (e.g. post a Twitter message or Facebook status update)
- Slow-timer (both location and time insensitive): Transfer traditional social media applications to mobile devices (e.g. watching YouTube videos or reading/editing Wikipedia articles)
Business potential
Although social media accessed through desktop computers offers companies a range of business opportunities, mobile social media, accessed by users when they're "on the go" through tablet computers or smartphones can take advantage of location- and time-sensitive user awareness. Mobile social media tools can be used for marketing research, communications, sales/discount promotions, and relationship development/loyalty programs.
- Marketing research: Mobile social media applications offer data about offline consumer movements at the level of detail that until now is limited to online companies. Any company can find out the right time when a customer enters one of their outlets, as well as a social media comment made during the visit.
- Communications: Mobile social media communications take two forms: enterprise-to-consumer (where companies can establish connections to consumers based on location and provide coverage of nearby locations) and user-generated content. For example, McDonald's offers a $ 5 and $ 10 card reward to 100 randomly selected users among those who check in at one of their restaurants. This promotion increases check-in by 33% (from 2,146 to 2,865), generates over 50 articles and blog entries, and drives several hundred thousand news feeds and Twitter messages.
- Sales promotions and discounts: While customers must use print coupons in the past, mobile social media allows companies to tailor promotions to specific users at specific times. For example, when launching its service in California-Cancun, Virgin America offers users who report via Loopt in one of three designated Border trucks in San Francisco and Los Angeles between 11am and 3pm. on August 31, 2010, two tacos for $ 1 and two flights to Mexico for the price of one. This special promotion is only available to people who are in a certain location and at any given time.
- Relationship development and loyalty program: To improve long-term relationships with customers, companies can develop loyalty programs that allow customers to check-in through social media on a regular basis on site for discounts or benefits. For example, American Eagle Outfitters rewards those customers at a 10%, 15% or 20% discount on their total purchases.
- e-Commerce: Social media sites are increasingly implementing friendly marketing strategies, creating mutually beneficial platforms for users, businesses, and the network itself in popularity and accessibility of e-commerce, or online purchases. Users who post or comment on the benefits of a company's product or service because they can share their views with their friends and online acquaintances. The company benefits from getting insight (positive or negative) about how their products or services are viewed by consumers. Mobile social media apps like Amazon.com and Pinterest have begun to influence an upward trend in popularity and accessibility of e-commerce, or online purchases.
The e-commerce business can refer to social media as a consumer-generated medium (CGM). The red thread that flows through all the definitions of social media is a combination of technology and social interaction for the creation of shared value for the business or organization that uses it. People get valuable information, education, news, and other data from electronic and print media. Social media differs from industry or traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, television, and movies because they are relatively inexpensive and easily accessible (at least once someone has gained Internet access and computers). They allow anyone (even private individuals) to publish or access information. Industrial media generally require significant resources to publish information, because in many cases the articles undergo many revisions before they are published. This process adds to the cost and the resulting market price. Initially social media is only used by individuals but is now used by businesses, charities and also in government and politics.
One feature of social media and industry is the ability to reach small or large audiences; for example, blog posts or television shows can not reach people or millions of people. Some properties that help illustrate the differences between social media and industry are:
Community media is a combination of industrial and social media. Although owned by the community, some community radio, TV and newspapers are run by professionals and some by amateurs. They use social media and industry frameworks. Social media is also recognized for the way they change the way PR professionals do their work. They have provided an open arena where people are free to exchange ideas about companies, brands, and products. Doc Searls and David Wagner stated that "... the best of people in PR is not the PR type at all, they understand that there is no censorship, they are the best corporate speakers." Social media provides an environment where users and PR professionals can communicate, and where public relations professionals can promote their brand and enhance their corporate image by listening and responding to what the public is saying about their products.
Business performance
Social media has a strong influence on business activity and business performance. There are four channels in which social media resources can turn into business performance capabilities:
- Social capital represents the extent to which social media affects corporate and organizational relationships with communities and the extent to which the use of social media by the organization enhances the company's social performance capabilities.
- The revealed preference represents the extent to which social media exposes the wishes of the customer (eg, "likes" and followers) and improves the company's financial capabilities (eg, stock quotes, earnings, profits), or for nonprofits, increase donations, volunteer level, etc.
- Social marketing indicates the extent to which social marketing resources (e.g., online conversations, sharing links, online presence, text messaging) are used to improve a company's financial capabilities (e.g. sales, new customer acquisitions) or non-profit voluntary sector goals.
- The social enterprise network involves informal ties and relationships of company/organization staff with others from the field or industry, clients, customers and other community members, formed through social networks. The company's social networking can improve operational performance capability in many ways, as it can enable sales staff to find new clients; helping marketing staff to learn about client/customer needs and requests, and teaching management about public perceptions about their strategies or approaches.
- Influence on consumer decisions With the ever-increasing development of social media technology, this has influenced consumers' decision to purchase products or services provided by the company. On the other hand, social media has become an important factor in increasing brand sales, whether big or small, since the beginning of the internet revolution. There are many studies to prove this point, based on actions taken by consumers until 2017. There will be many reports in early 2018 that confirm the extent to which social media has become effective in marketing companies and the importance of focusing on them.
There are four tools or approaches involving experts, customers, suppliers, and employees in the development of products and services using social media. Companies and other organizations can use these tools and approaches to improve their business capacity and performance.
Monitoring, tracking and analysis
Companies are increasingly using social media monitoring tools to monitor, track and analyze online conversations on the Web about their brands or products or about interesting topics. This can be useful in public relations management and tracking of advertising campaigns, enabling companies to measure return on investment for their social media advertising expenditures, competitor auditing, and for public engagement. A variety of tools ranging from free basic apps to subscription based tools, more in depth.
Social media tracking also allows companies to respond to online posts quickly that criticize their products or services. Quickly responding to critical online posts, and helping users solve problems, it helps companies to reduce the negative effects online complaints can have about the sale of a company's product or service. In the US, for example, if a customer criticizes the cleanliness or standard of a large hotel network service on a social media website, the company representative will usually be immediately notified of this important post, so company representatives can go online and express concerns about sub-par services and offer coupons or discounts to the person who complained on the next purchase, plus a promise to convey their concerns to the hotel manager so the problem will not be repeated. This quick response helps show that the company cares about its customers.
The "honeycomb framework" defines how social media services focus on some or all of the seven functional building blocks. These building blocks help to explain the needs of social media audience engagement. For example, LinkedIn users are thought to be very concerned about identity, reputation, and relationships, while YouTube's key features are sharing, conversation, group, and reputation. Many companies build their own "social" container that tries to connect seven functional building blocks around their brand. This is a private community that involves people around narrower themes, such as around specific brands, calls or hobbies, rather than social media containers like Google, Facebook and Twitter. The PR department faces significant challenges in handling negative sentimental viruses directed at organizations or individuals on social media platforms (nicknamed "sentiments"), which may be a reaction to an announcement or event. In a 2011 article, Jan H. Kietzmann, Kristopher Hermkens, Ian P. McCarthy and Bruno S. Silvestre described the honeycomb relationship as "presenting a framework that defines social media by using seven functional building blocks : identity , conversations, sharing, presence, relationships, reputation, and groups ".
Social media automation
There is a direct benefit of social media in the form of a larger market share and an increase in audience. To improve the technology these benefits are more facilitating social media marketing has been developed; an example of this technology is the development of bots.
Bot (short for robot) is an automated program run over the internet. There are many forms of bots with various behaviors. The bots that are most relevant to social media marketing are chatbots and social bots. Chatbots and social bots are programmed to mimic natural human interactions such as liking, commenting, following, and stopping to follow on social media platforms. The ability of these bots to automate social media marketing needs has created great demand and the formation of a new industry of bot providers.
The use of social bots and chatbots has created an analytical crisis in the marketing industry. Companies use social and chatbots to automate their social marketing that seems to consumers and other companies to be a real interaction. The ability of bots to mimic human interactions makes it difficult for marketers and data analysts to distinguish between human interaction and automated bot interaction; has implications for data quality. Companies continue to use bots to automate their social media interactions even though the same bot negatively affects their marketing data causing "digital cannibalism" in social media marketing. In addition, the bot also violates the terms of use in many social media such as Instagram. This can cause the profile to be deleted and blocked.
Cyborg
In addition to humans and bots, the third type of user is a "cyborg", described as a combination of humans and bots, in analogy with a "real" cyborg. They are used, for example, to spread false news or make a buzz. Cyborgs, in the context of social media, are human-assisted bots or human-assisted bots. A concrete example of a cyborg in the context of social media is a human who registers an account that he sets an automated program to post, for example, a tweet, during his absence. From time to time, humans participate to tweet and interact with friends. Cyborgs are different from bots, because bots use automation, whereas cyborgs engage in manual and automatic behavioral characteristics. Cyborg offers a unique opportunity for fake news spreaders, because it combines automatic activity with human input. When an account is automatically identified in general, the human part of the cyborg is able to take over and can protest that the account has been used manually so far. Such accounts try to act as real people; in particular, the number of friends or their followers should resemble a real person. Often, such accounts use "friend farms" to gather friends in record time.
Social media becomes effective through a process called "building social authority". One of the basic concepts in social media is that you can not completely control your message through social media, but you can start participating in "conversations" that expect that you can achieve significant influence in the conversation. However, the participation of this conversation should be done smartly because even though people are resistant to marketing in general, they are even more resilient to direct or overt marketing through the social media platform. This may seem counterintuitive but that is the main reason building social authority with credibility is very important. A marketer generally does not expect people to receive marketing messages in and of themselves. In the Edelman Trust Barometer report in 2008, the majority (58%) of the respondents reported that they were the most trusted company or product information coming from "people like me" who were summed up as information from someone they believed. In the 2010 Trust Report, the majority switched to 64% preferring their information from industry experts and academics. According to Technology Inc. Brent Leary, "The loss of this belief, and the accompanying changes to experts and authorities, seem to coincide with the rise of social networks and networks."
However, there is also speculation that social media is considered a source of information that can be trusted by a large number of people. Ongoing interpersonal connectivity in social media has led people to peer recommendations as a reliable source of information. However, this trust can be exploited by marketers, who can leverage consumer-made content about brands and products to influence public perception.
Data excavation
"Mining" social media is a type of data mining, the technique of analyzing data to detect patterns. Social media mining is a process of representing, analyzing, and extracting actionable patterns from data collected from community activities on social media. Social media mining introduces basic concepts and key algorithms suitable for investigating massive social media data; it discusses the theories and methodologies of various disciplines such as computer science, data mining, machine learning, social network analysis, network science, sociology, ethnography, statistics, optimization, and mathematics. It includes tools to formally represent, measure, model, and mine meaningful patterns from large-scale social media data. Detecting patterns in the use of social media by data mining is of particular interest to advertisers, large corporations and brands, governments and political parties, among others.
Big companies like Google and Facebook have different approaches to data mining. Google mines data in a variety of ways including using algorithms in Gmail to analyze information in emails. The use of this information will then affect the types of ads that are shown to users when they use Gmail. Ads will focus on the interests of users at the time, so users will be more interested in them. Facebook has more than 1 billion registered users, and often changes its privacy policy. Facebook has partnered with many data mining companies such as Datalogix and BlueKai to use customer information for targeted advertising. The ethical question of the extent to which a company should be able to utilize user information has been called "big data". Users are likely to click through the Terms of Use agreement when registering on a social media platform, and they do not know how their information will be used by the company. This leads to privacy and surveillance questions when user data is recorded.
Data mining is considered most useful when analyzing information from active users. When a user dies and becomes inactive, they are given no value to most companies. These companies like Facebook and Google have different approaches to digital death. For Google, it is not profitable to advertise in an inactive Gmail account, and therefore no ads are shown but email remains on Google servers. To access a deceased relative's account, Google asks a person to submit certain official documents, including the person's death certificate, and the company has not disclosed a relative's account yet. Although Google's zero inactivity account, the company respects the rights of individual posthumous even if the email is sentimental is more valuable to a relative. When an inactive account, specifically Gmail, is deleted, any account linked to it, (YouTube or Google Drive) will also be deleted. This system is preventing the action of deleting Google account.
On Facebook, posthumous profiles can now be perpetuated or deleted altogether. Facebook's choice to capture a user does not, however, allow a relative to filter through information to be perpetuated. Users can visit pages that are immortalized and connect with others who are friends with posthumous users. This function gives users a digital legacy Facebook because they can choose not to delete their accounts.
Technique
Usually there are 4 steps that social media use when mining data:
- Choose a subject to learn and use the tool to capture important data
- Use different evaluation systems that group similar items in research to represent the data set accurately and with precision
- Apply information collected from the evaluation system to update metadata on certain products
- Follow up with user experience to filter out multimedia products
These four steps are the foundations that social media use when applying their data mining techniques but they can change based on what the company considers more important to the customer experience. Some social media outlets when doing data mining do not take into account the context of individual information. This can be a problem because sometimes the data they collect can not be accurate for what consumers are interested in. To fix this problem, some social media outlets have added retrieval times and geotagging that help provide more accurate data context and data creation information. There are usually two types when mining data and it is a supervised learning and unattended learning. Some data mining techniques include decision tree learning, Naive Bayes classification, Bootstrap aggregation, and Boosting methods. Social media data mining media have better results when using techniques that focus more on individual behavior on social media than using standard models to find data.
Global usage
According to the article "The Role of Growing Social Media in Political and Regime Changes" by Rita Safranek, the Middle East and North Africa region has one of the youngest populations in the world, with people under 25 reaching between 35-45% of the population in each - country. They constitute the majority of social media users, including about 17 million Facebook users, 25,000 Twitter accounts, and 40,000 active blogs, according to Arab Advisors Group.
According to Statista, by 2019, it is estimated there will be about 2.77 billion users of social media worldwide, up from 2.46 billion in 2017.
Most popular services
This is a list of leading social networks based on the number of active user accounts as of August 2017.
- Facebook: 2,047,000,000 users
- YouTube: 1,500,000,000 users
- WhatsApp: 1,200,000,000 users
- Facebook Messenger: 1,200,000,000 users
- WeChat: 938,000,000 users
- QQ: 861,000,000 users
- Instagram: 700,000,000 users
- QZone: 638,000,000 users
- Tumblr: 357,000,000 users
- Twitter: 328,000,000 users
- Sina Weibo: 313,000,000 users
- Baidu Tieba: 300,000,000 users
- Skype: 300 million users
- Viber: 260 million users
- Snapchat: 255,000,000 users
- Reddit: 250 million users
- Line: 214,000,000 users
- Pinterest 175,000,000 users
Effects for news use
Just as television transformed the nation of people who listened to media content to media content observers in the 1950s to the 1980s, the rise of social media has created a nation of content-generating media. According to Pew Research 2011 data, nearly 80% of American adults are online and nearly 60% of them use social networking sites. More Americans get their news via the internet than from newspapers or radio, and three-quarters say they get news from emails or social media site updates, according to a report published by CNN. Surveys show that Facebook and Twitter make news a more participatory experience than ever before when people share news articles and comment on other people's posts. According to CNN, in 2010 75% of people get their news forwarded via email or social media posts, while 37% of people share news via Facebook or Twitter.
In the United States, 81% of people say they are looking online for news about the weather, first and foremost. National news of 73%, 52% for sports news, and 41% for entertainment or celebrity news. Based on this study, conducted for Pew Center, two-thirds of online news sample users are younger than 50, and 30% younger than 30. The survey involved daily tracking of 2,259 adults 18 years of age or older. Thirty-three percent of young adults get news from social networks. Thirty-four percent watch TV news and 13% read print or digital content. Nineteen percent of Americans get news from Facebook, Google, or LinkedIn. Thirty-six percent of those who got news from social networks got it from yesterday's survey. More than 36% of Twitter users use accounts to join news organizations or journalists. Nineteen percent of users said they got information from news organizations. TV remains the most popular news source, but the audience is getting older (only 34% of young people).
Of those younger than 25, 29% said they had not heard yesterday either digitally or in traditional news platforms. Only 5% below 30 say they are following news about political figures and events in DC. Only 14% of respondents can answer all four questions about which party controls the House of Representatives, the current unemployment rate, what Angela Merkel leads, and a presidential candidate who levies taxes for higher-income Americans. Facebook and Twitter are now the news, but not a substitute for the traditional. Seventy percent get social media news from friends and family on Facebook.
Social media fosters communication. An Internet research firm, Pew Research Center, claims that "more than half of Internet users (52%) use two or more measured social media sites (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest) to communicate with their family or friends." For children, using social media sites can help promote creativity, interaction, and learning. It can also help them with homework and classroom work. In addition, social media allows them to stay connected with their peers, and help them to interact with each other. Some may be involved with developing fundraising campaigns and political events. However, it can affect social skills because of the absence of face-to-face contact. Social media can affect the mental health of adolescents. Teenagers who often use Facebook and especially vulnerable may become more narcissistic, antisocial, and aggressive. Teenagers become heavily influenced by advertising, and that affects buying habits. Since the creation of Facebook in 2004, it has become a distraction and a waste of time for many users. A head teacher in the UK commented in 2015 that social media causes more pressure on teenagers than exams, with persistent interaction and monitoring by colleagues who put an end to past practice where what students do at night day or at the weekend apart from the arguments and peer pressure in school.
In a study of 2014, 18 and younger high school students were examined in an attempt to find their preferences for receiving news. Based on interviews with 61 teenagers, conducted from December 2007 to February 2011, most teenagers reported reading newspaper prints only "sometimes," with less than 10% reading them daily. The teenagers even reported learning about current events from social media sites like Facebook, MySpace, YouTube, and blogs. Another study shows that social media users read a different set of news from what the newspaper editor features in print. Using nanotechnology as an example, a study was conducted that studied tweets from Twitter and found that about 41% of the discourse on nanotechnology is focused on its negative impact, suggesting that some people may be concerned with how various forms of nanotechnology are used. in the future. Although tweets that sound optimistic and neutral are equally likely to express certainty or uncertainty, pessimistic tweets are almost twice as likely to get certain results rather than uncertain. This result implies the possibility of a previously formed negative perception of many news articles related to nanotechnology. Alternatively, this result could also imply that postings that are more pessimistic are also written with an atmosphere of certainty more likely to be shared or otherwise spill the group on Twitter. The same bias needs to be considered when new media utilities are handled, because the potential of human opinion to overemphasize certain news stories is greater even though there are general improvements in uncertainty and bias in news articles rather than in traditional media.
On October 2, 2013, the most common hashtags throughout the United States are "#governmentshutdown", as well as those focused on political parties, Obama, and health care. Most news sources have Twitter, and Facebook, pages, such as CNN and the New York Times, provide links to their online articles, gaining an increasing number of readers. In addition, some news organizations and college administrators have a Twitter page as a way to share news and connect with students. According to "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2013", in the US, among those who use social media to find news, 47% of these people are under 45 years old, and 23% are over 45 years old. But social media as the main news gate does not follow the same pattern in different countries. For example, in this report, in Brazil, 60% of respondents say that social media is one of the five most important ways to find online news, 45% in Spain, 17% in the UK, 38% in Italy, 14% in France, 22 % in Denmark, 30% in the US, and 12% in Japan. In addition, there are differences among countries about commenting on social networking news, 38% of respondents in Brazil say they comment on news on social networks in a week. This percentage is 21% in the US and 10% in the UK. The authors suggest that the differences between countries may be due to cultural differences rather than different levels of access to technical tools.
Effects on individual and collective memory
Media news and television journalism have been a key feature in shaping American collective memory for much of the 20th century. Indeed, since the colonial times of the United States, the news media has influenced collective memory and discourse about national development and trauma. In many ways, mainstream journalists maintain an authoritative voice as a storyteller from the American past. Their documentary style narrative, detailed exposure, and their current position make it a major source of public memory. In particular, news media reporters have formed collective memory in almost every major national event - from the deaths of social and political figures to the development of political hope. Journalists provide detailed descriptions of memorial events in US history and the sensation of contemporary popular culture. Many Americans learn the significance of historical events and political issues through the news media, as presented at popular news stations. However, the influence of journalism is growing less important, while social networking sites such as Facebook, YouTube and Twitter, provide an alternative source of alternative news to the user constantly.
Since social networking is becoming more popular among older and younger generations, sites like Facebook and YouTube are gradually breaking down the voice of traditionally authoritative news media. For example, Americans boasted media coverage of the various social and political events they wanted, put their voices into a narrative about America's past and past and formed their own collective memory. An example of this is the general explosion of the shooting of Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida. News coverage of the incident was so minimal that social media users made the story recognizable through their constant discussion of the case. About a month after the fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin, his daily coverage by Americans gets daily national attention from mainstream media journalists, who in turn exemplify media activism. In some ways, the spread of this tragic event through an alternative news source is parallel to Emmitt Till - whose murder became a national story after circulation of African American and Communist newspapers. Social media was also influential in the widespread attention given to the revolutionary outbreaks in the Middle East and North Africa during 2011. However, there is some debate about the extent to which social media facilitates such a change. Another example of this shift is in the ongoing Kony 2012 campaign, which first appeared on YouTube and then garnered much attention from mainstream media journalists. These journalists are now monitoring social media sites to inform their reports of the movement. Lastly, in some previous presidential elections, the use of social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter were used to predict the election results. US President Barack Obama is preferred on Facebook than his opponent Mitt Romney and found by research conducted by the Oxford Institute Internet Experiment that more people like to tweet about President Obama's comments than Romney.
Criticism
Social media criticism ranges from criticism to the ease of use of particular platforms and their capabilities, the disparity of available information, problems with the trust and reliability of the information presented, the impact of social media usage on individual concentration, ownership of media content, and the meaning of interactions made by social media. Although some social media platforms offer users the opportunity to cross-post simultaneously, some social networking platforms have been criticized for poor interoperability between platforms, leading to the creation of information silos, that is. isolated data bags contained within one social media platform. However, he also argues that social media has such positive effects as enabling Internet democratization while also allowing individuals to advertise themselves and form friendships. Others have noted that the term "social" can not explain the technological features of the platform alone, so the degree of socialization should be determined by the actual performance of its users. There is a dramatic decline in face-to-face interaction as more and more social media platforms are introduced with cyber-bullying threats and online sexual predators are becoming more common. Social media can expose children to images of alcohol, tobacco, and sexual behavior. With regard to cyber-bullying, it has been shown that individuals who have no experience with cyber-bullying often have better welfare than individuals who have been bullied online.
Twitter is increasingly becoming the target of heavy activity of marketers. Their actions, which focus on obtaining a large number of followers, include the use of high-level scripts and manipulation techniques that distort the mainstream idea of ​​social media by abusing human trust. Twitter also promotes social connections among students. It can be used to improve communication and critical thinking. Domizi (2013) takes advantage of Twitter in a postgraduate seminar that requires students to post a weekly tweet to expand class discussions. Students are reported to use Twitter to connect with content and other students. In addition, students find it "to be professionally and personally useful". British-American businessman and author Andrew Keen criticized social media in his book The Cult of the Amateur, writing, "From this anarchy, it suddenly becomes clear that what regulates infinite monkeys now entering the Internet is the law of digital Darwinism, the harshest and most stubborn survival.Under these rules, the only way to intellectually win is by unlimited denial. "This is also relative to the problem of" justice "in social networking. For example, the phenomenon of "human flesh search engine" in Asia raised the discussion of "civil law" brought by the social networking platform. Comparative media professor JosÃÆ' Â © van Dijck argues in his book "The Culture of Connectivity" (2013) that in order to understand the full weight of social media, their technological dimension must be socially and culturally connected. He critically portrays six social media platforms. One of the findings is how Facebook has successfully framed the term 'sharing' in such a way that the use of third-party user data is ignored for intra-user connectivity.
Disparity
The digital divide is a measure of the gap in the level of technological access between households, socioeconomic or other demographic categories. People displaced, living in poverty, the elderly and those in rural or remote communities may have little or no access to computers and the Internet; In contrast, the middle class and upper-class people in urban areas have very high levels of computer and Internet access. Other models argue that in modern information society, some individuals produce Internet content while others only consume it, which could be the result of disparities in the educational system where only a few teachers integrate technology into the classroom and teach critical thinking. While social media has differences among age groups, the 2010 study in the United States did not find any racial division. Some zero rate programs offer subsidized data access to certain websites with low cost plans. Critics say that this is an anti-competitive program that undermines clean neutrality and creates a "walled garden" for platforms like Facebook Zero. A 2015 study found that 65% of Nigerians, 61% of Indonesians, and 58% of Indians agreed with the statement that "Facebook is the Internet" compared to only 5% in the US.
Eric Ehrmann argues that social media in the form of public diplomacy creates a patina of inclusiveness that includes structured traditional economic interests to ensure that wealth is pumped to the top of the economic pyramid, perpetuating the digital divide and post-Marxist class conflict. He also voiced concern over trends that find social utilities operating in a quasi-libertarian global oligopoly environment that requires users in economically challenged countries to spend a high percentage of annual revenue to pay for devices and services to participate in the lifestyle of social media. Neil Postman also argues that social media will increase the disparity of information between "winners" - who are able to actively use social media - and "losers" - who are not familiar with modern technology or who have no access to them. People with high social media skills may have better access to information about job opportunities, potential new friends, and social activities in their area, allowing them to improve their standard of living and the quality of their lives.
Trust
Because large-scale collaborative creation is one of the main ways to form information in social networks, user-generated content is sometimes viewed with skepticism; the reader does not believe it as a trusted source of information. Aniket Kittur, Bongowon Suh, and Ed H. Chi took the wiki under examination and pointed out that, "One possibility is the distrust of the wiki content not because of the nature of the system that can change naturally, but not because of the lack of information available to judge eligibility." more specifically, the authors mention that the reasons for not trusting collaborative systems with user-generated content, such as Wikipedia, include lack of information about the accuracy of the editor's content, motives and expertise, content stability, topic coverage and absence of sources.
Social media is also an important source of news. According to Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2013, social media is one of the most important ways for people to find online news (others are traditional brands, search engines and news aggregators). The report suggested that in the UK, confidence in news coming from social media sources is low, compared to news from other sources (eg online news from traditional broadcasters or online news from national newspapers). People aged 24-35 believe in social media, whereas trust decreases with age.
Rainie and Wellman argue that the making of media has now become a work of participation, which alters the communication system. The center of power shifts from only the media (as a gatekeeper) to peripheral areas, which may include governments, organizations, and out-going, individuals. The changes in this communication system raises empirical questions about the belief in media effects. Previous empirical studies have shown that trust in information sources plays a major role in community decision making. People's attitude is easier to change when they hear messages from reliable sources. In the Reuters report, 27% of respondents agree that they are worried about the accuracy of a story on the blog. However, 40% of them believe the story on the blog is more balanced than the traditional paper because they are provided with various opinions. Recent research shows that in the new social media communication environment, the nature of civil or uncivilized comments will bias the processing of people's information even if the message comes from a reliable source, which brings practical and ethical questions about the responsibility of the communicator in the social media environment.
On April 10, 2018, in a trial held in response to the disclosure of data harvesting by Cambridge Analytica, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook's chief executive, faced questions from senators about issues, from privacy to corporate business models and corporate mismanagement. data. This is Mr.'s first appearance. Zuckerberg before Congress, boosted by a statement that Cambridge Analytica, a political consulting firm associated with the Trump campaign, harvests about 87 million Facebook users for psychological profile voters during the 2016 election. Zuckerburg is pressed to explain how third-party partners can extract data without the user's knowledge. The lawmakers bake the 33-year-old executive about the proliferation of so-called fake news on Facebook, Russian interference during the 2016 presidential election and conservative media censorship.
Passive participation
For Malcolm Gladwell, the role of social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, in revolutions and protests is exaggerated. On the one hand, social media makes it easier for individuals, and in this case activists, to express themselves. On the other hand, it is more difficult for the expression to have an impact. Gladwell differentiates between actives
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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