Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the smoke produced is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. The most common is the dry leaf substance of a tobacco plant that has been rolled into a small box of rice paper to create a small round cylinder called "cigarette". Smoking is mainly practiced as an administrative route for drug use because the burning of dried plant leaves evaporates and provides the active substance to the lungs where they are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and reaches the body's tissues. In the case of smoking, these substances are contained in a mixture of aerosol particles and gases and include pharmacologically active pharmaceutical nicotine; evaporation creates aerosols and heated gases to form which allow deep inhalation and penetration into the lungs where absorption into the bloodstream of the active substance occurs. In some cultures, smoking is also performed as part of various rituals, in which participants use it to help induce a trance-like state that, they believe, can lead them to spiritual enlightenment.
Smoking generally has a negative health effect, because inhalation of smoke inherently poses challenges to various physiological processes such as respiration. Diseases associated with tobacco smoking have been shown to kill about half of long-term smokers when compared to the average death rate faced by non-smokers. Smoking causes more than five million deaths per year from 1990 to 2015.
Smoking is one of the most common forms of drug use. Tobacco smoking is the most popular form, practiced by over a billion people worldwide, of which the majority are in developing countries. Less common drugs for smoking include cannabis and opium. Some substances are classified as hard narcotics, such as heroin, but these uses are very limited because they are not usually commercially available. Cigarettes are mainly manufactured industrially but can also be rolled by hand from loose tobacco and rolled paper. Other smoking tools include pipes, cigars, bidi, hookahs, and bongs.
Smoking can come from 5,000 BC, and has been recorded in cultures around the world. Early smoking develops in association with religious ceremonies; as offerings to gods, in cleansing rituals or to permit shamans and priests to change their minds for the purposes of spiritual prediction or enlightenment. After European explorations and conquests in America, the practice of tobacco smoking quickly spread throughout the world. In areas such as India and Sub-Saharan Africa, it joins existing smoking practices (mostly from marijuana). In Europe, he introduced a new type of social activity and a form of previously unknown drug intake.
The perception of smoking has varied from time to time and from one place to another: holy and sinful, sophisticated and vulgar, a panacea and a deadly health hazard. In the 20th century, smoking was seen as a negative light, especially in Western countries. This is due to tobacco which is the main cause of many diseases such as lung cancer, heart attack, COPD, erectile dysfunction, and birth defects. The health hazards of smoking have led many countries to set high taxes on tobacco products, running advertisements to reduce use, restrict advertising that promotes use, and provide help to quit smoking for those who smoke.
Video Smoking
Histori
Penggunaan awal
The history of smoking has been around since 5000 BC in shamanistic rituals. Many ancient civilizations, such as Babylon, India and China, burned incense as part of religious rituals, as did the Israelites and later Catholic and Orthodox churches. Smoking in America may have originated from an incense burning ceremony, but was later adopted for pleasure, or as a social tool. Smoking tobacco, as well as various hallucinogenic drugs, is used to reach the trance and come into contact with the spirit world.
Substances such as marijuana, clear butter (ghee), fish innards, dried snake skin and various pastes formed around incense dated at least 2000 years. Fumigation (dhupa ) and fire victims (hazard ) are prescribed in Ayurveda for medical purposes, and have been practiced for at least 3,000 years while smoking,
Smoking marijuana is common in the Middle East prior to the arrival of tobacco, and is the beginning of a general social activity centered around a type of water pipe called hookah. Smoking, especially after the introduction of tobacco, is an important component of Muslim society and culture and becomes integrated with important traditions such as weddings, funerals and expressed in architecture, clothing, literature and poetry.
Smoking marijuana is introduced to Sub-Saharan Africa through Ethiopia and the coast of east Africa by Indian or Arab traders in the 13th century or earlier and spreads on the same trade route as those carrying coffee, originating from the Ethiopian plateau. It was smoked in a calabash water pipe with a terracotta smoked bowl, apparently an Ethiopian discovery which was then delivered to the east, south and central Africa.
The reports of the first European explorers and conquerors to reach America tell of the rituals in which the native priests suck themselves into such high levels of poisoning that it is unlikely that the ritual is restricted to tobacco.
Popularize
In 1612, six years after the completion of Jamestown, John Rolfe was credited as the first settler to successfully raise tobacco as a cash crop. Rapid demand to grow as tobacco, referred to as "golden weed", revived the Virginia Company from a failed gold expedition. To meet the demand from the old world, tobacco is planted in a row, quickly depleting the land. It became a motivator to settle in the west to an unknown continent, as well as the expansion of tobacco production. Indented neglect became the main work force until the Bacon Rebellion, from which the focus turned to slavery. This trend subsided after the American Revolution because slavery was deemed unprofitable. But the practice was revived in 1794 with the invention of cotton gin.
A Frenchman named Jean Nicot (from whose name the word nicotine originated) introduced tobacco to France in 1560. From French tobacco spread to England. The first report documented an English sailor in Bristol in 1556, seen "emitting smoke from his nostrils". Like tea, coffee and opium, tobacco is just one of many liquors that were originally used as a form of medicine. Tobacco was introduced around 1600 by modern day French traders are Gambia and Senegal. At the same time a caravan from Morocco brought tobacco to the area around Timbuktu and the Portuguese brought commodities (and crops) to southern Africa, establishing the popularity of tobacco throughout Africa in the 1650s.
Immediately after its introduction into the Old World, tobacco often gets criticized from state and religious leaders. Murad IV, sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1623-40 was one of the first attempts to ban smoking by claiming it was a threat to public morality and health. China's Emperor Chongzhen issued a decree banning smoking two years before his death and the overthrow of the Ming Dynasty. Then, the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty, would proclaim smoking "a more heinous crime than even ignoring archery". In the Japanese Edo period, some of the earliest tobacco estates were scorned by sh? Gun as a threat to the military economy by allowing valuable agricultural land in vain for the use of recreational drugs rather than being used to grow food crops.
Religious leaders are often prominent among those who consider smoking to be immoral or blatantly blasphemous. In 1634, the Patriarchs of Moscow and Rus all 'prohibited the sale of tobacco and punished men and women who ridiculed the prohibition to have their nostrils and their backs whipped until the skin slipped from their backs. The leader of the Western church, Pope Urban VII, also condemned smoking in the papal papacy of 1590. Although many joint efforts, restrictions and restrictions were almost universally ignored. When James VI and I, a persistent anti-smoker and author of A Counterblaste to Tobacco, tried to curb a new trend by imposing a 4000% increase in tobacco on tobacco in 1604, it proved a failure, because London had about 7,000 tobacco sellers in the early 17th century. Later, rigorous rulers will realize the futility of smoking bans and instead convert tobacco trade and cultivation into lucrative government monopolies.
By the mid-seventeenth century every great civilization had been introduced to tobacco smokers and in many cases already assimilated into its culture, although there were many attempts by the rulers to annex him with harsh penalties or fines. Tobacco, both products, and plants follow the main trade routes to major ports and markets, and then go inland. The English term smoking was created in the late 18th century; before that practice it was called as drinking smoke.
Tobacco and marijuana are used in Sub-Saharan Africa, as elsewhere in the world, to confirm social relationships, but also create new relationships. In the present Congo, a society called Bena Diemba ("People of Ganja") was held in the late 19th century in Lubuko ("Land of Friendship"). Bena Diemba is a collectivist pacifist who rejects alcohol and herbal medicines that support cannabis.
Growth remained stable until the American Civil War of the 1860s, from which the primary labor transition from slavery to profit sharing. This is exacerbated by changes in demand, leading to the industrialization of tobacco production with cigarettes. James Albert Bonsack, a craftsman, in 1881 produced a machine to accelerate the production of cigarettes.
Opium
In the 19th century, the habit of smoking opium became common. Previously only eaten, and then mainly for its medical properties. The massive increase in cigarette addicts in China is more or less directly driven by the British trade deficit with the Chinese Qing dynasty. As a way of fixing this problem, the British began exporting large quantities of opium grown in Indian colonies. The social problems and large losses of the currency caused some Chinese efforts to stop imports that eventually culminated in the First and Second Opium Wars.
Opium smoking then spreads with Chinese immigrants and spawned many of the most popular opium nests in Chinatown around South and Southeast Asia and Europe. In the second half of the nineteenth century, smoking addiction became popular in the artistic community of Europe, especially Paris; environmental artists such as Montparnasse and Montmartre became the "virtual capital opium". While the opium pits serving mainly for the Chinese continue to exist in Chinatown around the world, the trend among European artists largely subsided after the outbreak of World War I. Opium consumption subsided in China during the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s.
The anti-tobacco movement
With the modernization of cigarette production coupled with an increased life expectancy during the 1920s, adverse health effects began to become more common. In Germany, the anti-smoking group, often associated with anti-alcohol groups, first published advocacy against tobacco consumption in the journal Der Tabakgegner (The Tobacco Opponent) in 1912 and 1932. In 1929, Fritz Lickint of Dresden, Germany, published a paper containing formal statistical evidence of a lung cancer relationship. During the Great Depression, Adolf Hitler condemned the previous smoking habit as a waste of money, and then with a stronger affirmation. This movement was further strengthened by the Nazi reproduction policy because women who smoked were viewed as unfit to be wives and mothers in German families.
Movement in Nazi Germany reached the enemy lines during the Second World War, as anti-smoking groups quickly lost popular support. At the end of the Second World War, American cigarette producers quickly reentered the German black market. Illegal tobacco smuggling became prevalent, and Nazi anti-cigarette campaign leaders were killed. As part of the Marshall Plan, the United States sends free tobacco to Germany; with 24,000 tons in 1948 and 69,000 tons in 1949. The per capita cigarette consumption per year in postwar Germany increased from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963. By the end of the 20th century, the anti-smoking campaign in Germany could not exceed the effectiveness of the Nazi-era climax of 1939-41 and German tobacco health research is described by Robert N. Proctor as "silenced".
In the UK and the United States, an increase in lung cancer rates, previously "among the most rare forms of disease", was noted by the 1930s, but the cause remains unknown and even the credibility of this increase is sometimes debated until the late 1950s , For example, in Connecticut, reported rates of age-adjusted lung cancer among men increased by 220% between 1935-1939 and 1950-54. In the UK, the share of lung cancer among all deaths from cancer in men increased from 1.5% in 1920 to 19.7% in 1947. However, this increase is questionable because of the potential for increased reporting and diagnostic methods better. Although some carcinogens were known at the time (for example, benzo [a] pyrene was isolated from coal tar and demonstrated to be a potent carcinogen in 1933), nothing is known to be contained in sufficient quantities in tobacco smoke. Richard Doll in 1950 published a study in the British Medical Journal showing a close link between smoking and lung cancer. Four years later, in 1954, the British Doctors Study, a study of about 40,000 doctors for 20 years, confirmed the relationship, based on which the government issued suggestions that smoking and lung cancer rates were linked. In 1964, the Surgeon General United States report on Smoking and Health showed a link between smoking and cancer. The report further confirms this relationship in the 1980s and concluded in 1986 that passive smoking is also dangerous.
As scientific evidence mounted in the 1980s, tobacco companies claim negligence of contributions as an adverse health effect that was previously unknown or lacked substantial credibility. The health authorities sided with this claim until 1998, from which they reversed their positions. The Tobacco Main Completion Agreement, originally between the four largest US tobacco companies and the Attorney General of 46 states, prohibits certain types of tobacco advertising and payments necessary for health compensation; which then amounts to the largest civilian settlement in US history.
From 1965 to 2006, the smoking rate in the United States decreased from 42% to 20.8%. Most of those who quit are professional and prosperous people. Despite a decline in the prevalence of consumption, the average number of cigarettes consumed per person per day increased from 22 in 1954 to 30 in 1978. This paradoxical event indicates that those who quit smoking are less, while those who continue to smoke move to smoke more many. light cigarette. This trend has been paralleled by many industrialized countries because the rate has been flattened or declined. In developing countries, however, tobacco consumption continued to increase at 3.4% in 2002. In Africa, smoking in most areas is considered modern, and many of the strong bad opinions prevailing in the West receive less attention. Today Russia leads as the top tobacco consumer followed by Indonesia, Laos, Ukraine, Belarus, Greece, Jordan, and China. The World Health Organization has initiated a program known as the Tobacco Tobacco Initiative (TFI) to reduce consumption levels in developing countries.
Other substance
In the early 1980s, organized international drug trade grew. However, coupled with the overproduction and stricter enforcement of illegal products, drug dealers decided to turn the powder into a "crack" - a form of solid cocaine, smoke-can, which can be sold in smaller quantities, to more people. This trend subsided in the 1990s as increased police action coupled with a strong economy prevented many potential candidates from losing or failing to take the habit.
Recent years have shown an increase in heroin consumption that evaporates, methamphetamine, and Phencyclidine (PCP). Together with a small number of psychedelic drugs such as DMT, 5-Meo-DMT, and Salvia divinorum.
Maps Smoking
Substance and equipment
The most popular type of substance smoked is tobacco. There are many different tobacco cultivars that are made into various mixes and brands. Tobacco is often sold flavored, often with a variety of fruit scents, something very popular for use with water pipes, such as hookah. The second most common substance smoked is marijuana, made of flower or leaf Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica . This substance is considered illegal in most countries in the world and in countries that tolerate public consumption, usually only pseudo-legal. Nonetheless, a considerable percentage of the adult population in many countries has tried it with smaller minorities doing it regularly. Because cannabis is illegal or is only tolerated in most jurisdictions, there is no mass production of the tobacco industry, which means that the most common form of smoking is with hand-rolled cigarettes (often called joints) or by pipes. Water pipes are also quite common, and when used for marijuana are called bongs.
Some other recreational drugs are smoked by a smaller minority. Most of these substances are controlled, and some are much more intoxicating than tobacco or marijuana. These include cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine and PCP. A small number of psychedelic drugs are also smoked, including DMT, 5-Meo-DMT, and Salvia divinorum.
Even the most primitive form of smoking requires tools to do something. This has resulted in a wide range of exceptional smoking equipment and supplies from around the world. Whether tobacco, marijuana, opium or herbs, some form of container is required along with a fire source to ignite the mixture. The most common today is cigarettes, consisting of light inhalant tobacco strains in rolled paper tubes, usually industrially produced and includes filters, or rolled with loose tobacco. Other popular smoking tools are various pipes and cigars.
A less common but increasingly popular alternative to smoking is vaporizers, which use hot air convection to deliver substances without burning, which can reduce health risks. A portable evaporation alternative emerged in 2003 with the introduction of electronic cigarettes, battery-operated, cigarette-shaped devices that produce aerosols intended to mimic the smoke from tobacco combustion, giving nicotine to users without some harmful substances released in tobacco smoke..
In addition to the actual smoking equipment, many other items related to smoking; tobacco case, cigar box, matches, matchbox, cigarette holder, cigarette holder, ashtray, silent butler, pipe cleaner, tobacco cutter, game stand, pipe solver, cigarette friend and so on. Some of these examples have become valuable collector's items and decorative items and antiques can get high prices.
Health effects and regulation
Smoking is one of the major causes of death that can be prevented globally. In the United States about 500,000 deaths per year are associated with smoking-related illness and a recent study estimates that as many as 1/3 of China's male population will significantly shorten the lifespan of smoking. Male and female smokers each lost an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life. At least half of lifelong smokers die early from smoking. The risk of dying from lung cancer before the age of 85 is 22.1% for a male smoker and 11.9% for current smokers, in the absence of a competitive cause of death. Appropriate estimates for lifelong non-smokers are 1.1% probability of death from lung cancer before age 85 for a man of European descent, and a probability of 0.8% for a woman. Smoking one cigarette a day results in a half-heart disease risk among smokers and non-smokers. The relationship of non-linear dose response can be explained by the smoking effect on platelet aggregation.
Among the diseases that can be caused by smoking are vascular stenosis, lung cancer, heart attack and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Smoking during pregnancy can cause ADHD in the fetus.
Smoking is a risk factor that is strongly associated with periodontitis and tooth loss. The effect of smoking on the periodontal tissues depends on the number of cigarettes smoked each day and the duration of the habit. A study showed that smokers had 2.7 times and former smokers 2.3 times greater probability of having periodontal disease formed than non-smokers, regardless of age, gender and plaque index, however, the effects of tobacco on the periodontal tissue appear to be more clearly in men. than in women. Studies have found that smokers have a greater chance of tooth bone loss more severe than non-smokers [1], also, people who smoke and drink alcohol have a higher risk of developing oral of cancer (mouth and lips) compared to people who do not do both.
Smoking is also associated with oral conditions including dental caries, dental implant failure, pramalignal lesions, and cancer. Smoking can affect the immune-inflammatory process that can increase susceptibility to infection; it may alter the oral mycobiota and facilitate colonization of the oral cavity with fungal and pathogenic fungi.
Many governments are trying to prevent people from smoking with anti-smoking campaigns in the mass media that emphasize the long-term harmful effects of smoking. Passive smokers, or passive smokers, that affect people in the immediate vicinity of smokers, are the main reason for enacting smoking bans. This is a law that is applied to stop people who smoke in public places in the room, such as bars, pubs, and restaurants. The idea behind this is to prevent smoking by making it more uncomfortable, and to stop dangerous fumes that are present in closed public spaces. A common concern among legislators is to prevent smoking among minors and many countries have passed laws against the sale of tobacco products to underage customers (setting the age of smoking). Many developing countries have yet to adopt an anti-smoking policy, leading some to call for an anti-smoking campaign and further education to explain the negative impact of ETS (Asbestos Environment Smoke) in developing countries. Tobacco advertising is also sometimes set to make smoking less attractive.
In May 2016 the state of California issued a law that raised the smoking age from 18 to 21. The law also includes the sale of electronic cigarettes.
Despite many restrictions, European countries still have 18 of the top 20 spots, and according to ERC, a market research firm, the heaviest smoker comes from Greece, averaging 3,000 cigarettes per person in 2007. The smoking rate has decreased or decreased in developed countries but continues to increase in developing countries. The smoking rate in the United States has fallen by half from 1965 to 2006, down from 42% to 20.8% in adults.
The effects of addiction on society vary widely between the different smoky substances and the indirect social problems they cause, largely due to differences in law and drug enforcement across the world. Although nicotine is a highly addictive drug, its effects on cognition are not as strong or look like other drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines or other opiates (including heroin and morphine).
Smoking is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. While smoking over 15 cigarettes a day has been shown to worsen the symptoms of Crohn's disease, smoking has been shown to actually decrease the prevalence of ulcerative colitis.
Physiology
Inhaling the gaseous form of evaporating substances into the lungs is a very quick and very effective way to deliver drugs into the bloodstream (because the gas diffuses directly into the pulmonary vein, then to the heart and from there to the brain) and affects the user in less than a second of the inhalation first. The lungs are made up of several million small balls called alveoli that all have an area of ​​more than 70 m² (around the tennis court area). It can be used to manage useful and recreational medical drugs such as aerosols, which consist of small droplets of the drug, or as a gas produced by the burning of plant material with psychoactive substances or pure form of the substance itself. Not all drugs can be smoked, for example sulfate derivatives are most often inhaled through the nose, although a more pure form of free substance can, but often requires considerable skill in managing the drug properly. This method is also somewhat inefficient because not all smoke will be inhaled. The inhaled substance triggers a chemical reaction in the nerve endings in the brain because it is similar to natural substances such as endorphins and dopamine, which are associated with the sensation of pleasure. The result is what is commonly referred to as "high" ranging from a mild-induced stimulus with intense euphoria caused by heroin, cocaine and methamphetamine.
Inhaling the smoke to the lungs, no matter the substance, has an adverse effect on one's health. Incomplete combustion generated by the burning of plant materials, such as tobacco or marijuana, produces carbon monoxide, which damages the ability of the blood to carry oxygen when inhaled to the lungs. There are several other toxic compounds in tobacco which are a serious health hazard for long-term smokers of various causes; vascular disorders such as stenosis, lung cancer, heart attack, stroke, impotence, low birth weight infants born to mothers who smoke. 8% of long-term smokers develop a set of characteristic facial changes that doctors know as the face of smokers.
Tobacco smoke is a complex mix of over 5,000 chemicals identified, of which 98 are known to have certain toxicological properties. The most important chemical that causes cancer is that it produces DNA damage because the damage appears to be a major cause of cancer. Cunningham et al. combining the weight of microgram compounds in the smoke of a single cigarette with a known genotoxic effect per microgram to identify most carcinogenic compounds in cigarette smoke. The seven most important carcinogens in tobacco smoke are displayed on the table, together with the DNA changes they cause.
Psychology
Most tobacco smokers start in adolescence or early adulthood. Smoking has an element of risk taking and rebellion, which often appeals to young people. The presence of high-status models and peers can also encourage smoking. Because adolescents are more affected by their peers than by adults, efforts by parents, schools, and health professionals to prevent people from trying to smoke do not always work.
Smokers often report that smoking helps to relieve stress. However, adult smokers' stress levels are slightly higher than nonsmokers. Teenage smokers report an increase in stress levels as they develop a regular smoking pattern, and quitting smoking causes less stress. Far from acting as an aid to mood control, nicotine dependence seems to aggravate stress. This is confirmed in the daily mood patterns described by smokers, with a normal mood during smoking and worsening mood among cigarettes. Thus, the clear relaxation effect of smoking only reflects the tension and irritability reversals that develop during nicotine depletion. Dependent smokers need nicotine to remain normal.
In the mid-20th century psychologists like Hans Eysenck developed personality profiles for typical smokers of that period; extraversion is associated with smoking, and smokers tend to be sociable, impulsive, risk-taking, and seeking pleasure. Although personality and social factors can make people tend to smoke, the real habit is a function of operant conditioning. During the early stages, smoking provides a pleasant sensation (due to its action on the dopamine system) and thus serves as a positive reinforcement source. After a person smokes for years, avoiding withdrawal symptoms and negative reinforcement becomes the main motivation. Like all addictive substances, the amount of exposure needed to depend on nicotine can vary from person to person.
Prevention
Education and counseling by pediatricians and doctors has proven effective in reducing the risk of tobacco use. A systematic review suggests that psychosocial interventions can help women quit smoking in late pregnancy, reduce low birth weight and premature births. The 2016 Cochrane review suggests that drug combinations and behavior support are more effective than minimal interventions or ordinary treatments.
Prevalence
Smoking, especially tobacco, is an activity performed by about 1.1 billion people, and up to 1/3 of the adult population. The image of smokers can vary widely, but is very often associated, especially in fiction, with individuality and indifference. Even so, smoking both tobacco and marijuana can be a social activity that serves as a strengthening of social structure and is part of many cultural rituals and diverse social and ethnic groups. Many smokers start smoking in the social environment and offerings and share cigarettes are often an important initiation ritual or just a good reason to start conversations with strangers in many places; in bars, nightclubs, at work or on the street. Turning on a cigarette is often seen as an effective way to avoid the emergence of laziness or just hanging around. For teenagers, it can serve as a first step out of childhood or as an act of rebellion against the adult world. Also, smoking can be seen as a kind of friendship. It has been shown that even opening a pack of cigarettes, or offering cigarettes to others, can increase the level of dopamine (the "feeling of happiness") in the brain, and no doubt that people who smoke form relationships with fellow smokers, in a way that only multiplies the habit , especially in countries where smoking in public places has been made illegal. In addition to drug use, it can be used to establish identity and self-image development by associating it with a personal experience related to smoking. The rise of the modern anti-smoking movement in the late nineteenth century was more than creating an awareness of the dangers of smoking; it provokes a smoker's reaction to what is, and is often still, considered an attack on personal freedom and has created identity among smokers as rebels or outcasts, aside from non-smokers:
The importance of tobacco for soldiers from an early age is recognized as something that the commander can not ignore. In the 17th century, tobacco benefits were a standard part of the naval quota of many countries and by World War I cigarette producers and the government collaborated on securing tobacco and cigarette allowances to the army on the ground. It is asserted that regular use of tobacco under pressure will not only calm the soldiers but also enable them to face greater difficulties. Until the mid-20th century, the majority of the adult population in many Western countries were smokers and the claims of anti-smoking activists were met with much skepticism, if not completely contemptible. Currently this movement has much greater weight and proof of its claims, but the majority of the population remains a strong smoker.
Society and culture
Smoking has been accepted in culture, in various forms of art, and has developed many different meanings, and often contradictory or mutually exclusive, depending on the time, place and practitioners smoking. Smoking pipe, to date one of the most common forms of smoking, is currently often associated with serious contemplation, old age and often considered ancient and ancient. Cigarette smoking, which did not begin to spread until the end of the 19th century, has more association of modernity and faster pace than the industrial world. Cigars have been, and still are, related to masculinity, power and are the iconic imagery associated with stereotypical capitalists. In fact, some evidence suggests that men with testosterone levels higher than average are more likely to smoke. Smoking in public has long been something for men and when done by women has been associated with promiscuity. In Japan during the Edo period, prostitutes and their clients often approached each other under the guise of smoke offering; the same goes for the 19th century Europe.
Art
Early depictions of smoking can be found in Mayan Klasik pottery from about the 9th century. This art is primarily religious and depicts the god or ruler who smokes the early form of cigarettes. As soon as smoking is introduced outside America, it begins to appear in paintings in Europe and Asia. Painters from the Dutch Golden Age include the first to paint portraits of people who smoke and still live from pipes and tobacco. For the southern European painter of the 17th century, a pipe is too modern to be incorporated in the preferred motifs inspired by mythologies from ancient Greece and Rome. Initially smoking is considered low and associated with farmers. Many of the earliest paintings are scenes set in a tavern or brothel. Later, as the Republic of the Netherlands rose to great strength and wealth, smoking became more common amongst the rich and portraits of elegant men who appropriately raised a pipe appeared. Smoking represents pleasure, mortality and the brevity of worldly life because, literally, it becomes smoke. Smoking is also associated with representations of the sense of smell and taste.
In the 18th century, smoking became much more rare in painting because the elegant practice of picking up tobacco became popular. Smoking the pipes is again degraded into the portraits of rabble and rural folk and roughly raking tobacco shoots followed by sneezing is rare in art. When smoking emerges, it is often in exotic portraits that are influenced by Orientalism. Many proponents of postcolonialism controversially believe this portrayal is a means of projecting the image of European superiority over its colony and the male dominant perception of the feminine Orient. Proponents believe that the exotic theme and the "Other" aliens increased in the 19th century, fueled by the rising popularity of ethnology during the Enlightenment.
In the 19th century smoking was common as a symbol of simple pleasures; pipe "noble royalty", a serious reflection by classical Roman ruins, the scene of an artist into one with nature while slowly marking a pipe. The newly empowered middle class also finds a new dimension of smoking as a harmless pleasure enjoyed in salons and smoking libraries. Smoking cigarettes or cigars will also be linked to a bohemian, someone who avoids conservative middle-class values ​​and denounces his contempt for conservatism. But this is a limited pleasure in the world of men; women smokers are associated with prostitution and smoking is not considered a suitable activity for the right woman. It was not until the early 20th century that women smoking would appear in paintings and photographs, giving chic and charming impression. Impressionists like Vincent van Gogh, who is a pipe smoker himself, will also begin to associate smoking with gloom and fatalism's "fin-du-siÃÆ'¨cle . While the symbolism of cigarettes, pipes and cigars was consolidated in the late nineteenth century, it was only in the 20th century that artists began to use them fully; the pipe will stand to think and quiet; cigarettes symbolize modernity, strength and youth, but also anxious anxiety; A cigar is a sign of authority, wealth, and power. Decades after World War II, during the peak of smoking when the practice was still not attacked by the growing anti-smoking movement, a cigarette easily inserted between the lips represented young rebels, symbolized by actors such as Marlon Brando and James Dean or advertising mainsters like Marlboro Man. It was only in the 1970s when the negative aspects of smoking began to emerge, resulting in an unhealthy lower-class individual image, smelling of cigarette smoke and lack of motivation and encouragement, particularly prominent in art inspired or commissioned by anti-smoking campaigns. In his painting "Holy Smokes", artist Brian Whelan mocks the smoking debate and his newfound focus on morality and guilt.
Movies
Since the era of silent films, smoking has a large part in the film's symbolism. In criminal thrillers film noir , cigarette smoke often frames characters and is often used to add a mystical or nihilism aura. One of the forerunners of this symbolism can be seen in the Weimar era of Fritz Lang Dr Mabuse, der Spieler , 1922 ( Dr Mabuse, Gambler ), where men are fascinated by the game of smoking cards while gambling.
Women smokers in the film were also early associated with a kind of sensual and seductive sexuality, especially personified by German film star Marlene Dietrich. Similarly, actors such as Humphrey Bogart and Audrey Hepburn have been identified closely with their smoker's persona, and some of their most famous portraits and roles have involved them being silenced by the haze of cigarette smoke. Hepburn often increases the charm with cigarette holders, especially in the movie Breakfast at Tiffany's . Smoking can also be used as a means to subvert the sensors, since two cigarettes burned without cigarettes in an ashtray are often used to suggest sexual activity.
Since World War II, smoking has gradually become less frequent on the screen because the obvious health hazards of smoking have become better known. With the anti-smoking movement gaining greater respect and influence, a conscious effort not to show smoking on screen is now done to avoid encouraging smoking or providing a positive relationship, especially for family movies. Smoking on the screen is more common today among characters depicted as anti-social or even criminal.
Literature
Just like in other types of fiction, smoking has an important place in literature and smokers are often portrayed as characters with great individuality, or direct eccentrics, something typically personified in one of the most iconic smoking literary figures, Sherlock Holmes. In addition to being often part of a short story and novel, smoking has given birth to endless eulogies, praising its quality and affirming the author's identity as a faithful smoker. Especially in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a series of books with titles such as Tobacco: History and association (1876), Graphic View poetry Hall is typical of the attitude of many books:
These works were all published in the era before cigarettes became the dominant form of tobacco consumption and pipes, cigars, and chewing tobacco were still commonplace. Many of the books are published in new packages that will attract men who learn to smoke. Pipes and Pouches inside a leather bag that resembles a tobacco bag and Cigarette Facts and Luxury Goods (1901) comes bound with leather, packed in an imitation cardboard cigar box. In the late 1920s, this type of literary publication largely subsided and only sporadically was revived in the twentieth century.
Music
There are several examples of tobacco in music in early modern times, although there are occasional signs of influence in pieces such as Johann Sebastian Bach Enlightening Thoughts of Tobacco-Smokers . However, from the beginning of the 20th century onwards smoking has been closely linked to popular music. Jazz has since been closely linked to smoking practiced in the places where it was played, such as bars, dance halls, jazz clubs and even brothels. The rise of jazz coincided with the expansion of the modern tobacco industry, and in the United States also contributed to the spread of marijuana. The latter uses names such as "tea", "muggle" and "reefer" in the jazz community and were particularly influential in the 1920s and 30s that found its way into songs composed at the time such as Louis Armstrong Muggles Larry Adler Smoking Reefers and Don Redman Chant of The Weed . The popularity of marijuana among jazz musicians remained high until the 1940s and 50s, when partially replaced by heroin use.
Another form of modern popular music closely related to smoking marijuana is reggae, a style of music that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and early 60s. Cannabis, or cannabis , is believed to have been introduced to Jamaica in the mid-19th century by Indian immigrant workers and was primarily associated with Indian workers until it was adapted by the Rastafari movement in the mid-20th century. Rastafari considers smoking cannabis as a way of approaching God, or Jah, an association popularized by reggae icons such as Bob Marley and Peter Tosh in the 1960s and 1970s.
Economy
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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