Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients is not enough or too much so the diet causes health problems. This may involve calories, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins or minerals. Insufficient nutrition is called malnutrition or malnutrition while too much is called excess nutrients. Malnutrition is often used to specifically refer to malnutrition in which a person does not get enough calories, protein, or micronutrients. If malnutrition occurs during pregnancy, or before the age of two, it can cause permanent problems with physical and mental development. Extreme nutritional deficiencies, known as hunger, may have symptoms that include: short height, thin body, very bad energy levels, and swollen feet and abdomen. People are also often infected and often cold. The symptoms of micronutrient deficiency depend on the less micronutrient.
Malnutrition is most often because there is not enough high quality food available to eat. This is often associated with high food prices and poverty. Lack of breastfeeding may contribute, as it may be a number of infectious diseases such as gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria, and measles, which increase nutritional needs. There are two main types of malnutrition: protein energy malnutrition and dietary deficiency. Lack of protein nutrition has two forms of severe: marasmus (protein and calorie deficiency) and kwashiorkor (protein deficiency only). Common micronutrient deficiencies include: lack of iron, iodine, and vitamin A. During pregnancy, due to increased body requirements, deficiencies can become more common. In some developing countries, excess nutrients in the form of obesity begin to be present in the same communities as malnutrition. Other causes of malnutrition include anorexia nervosa and bariatric surgery.
Efforts to improve nutrition are some of the most effective forms of development assistance. Breastfeeding can reduce malnutrition and mortality rates in children, and efforts to promote improved breastfeeding practices. In young children, providing food (other than breast milk) between six months and two years improves yield. There is also good evidence to support the supplementation of micronutrients for women during pregnancy and among young people in developing countries. To get food for the people who need it most, both delivering food and providing money so that people can buy food in the local market is effective. Simply feeding students in school is not enough. Management of severe malnutrition in people's homes with ready-to-use therapeutic foods is possible most of the time. In those with severe malnutrition complicated by other health problems, hospitalization is recommended. This often involves managing low blood sugar and body temperature, overcoming dehydration, and lactating gradually. Routine antibiotics are usually recommended because of the high risk of infection. Long-term measures include: improving agricultural practices, reducing poverty, improving sanitation, and empowering women.
There are 815 million malnourished people in the world by 2017 (11% of the total population). This is a reduction of 176 million people since 1990 when 23% malnutrition. In 2012 it is estimated that another billion people are deficient in vitamins and minerals. By 2015, protein energy malnutrition is estimated to have caused 323,000 deaths - down from 510,000 deaths in 1990. Other nutritional deficiencies, which include iodine deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia, resulted in 83,000 other deaths. In 2010, malnutrition was the cause of 1.4% of all years of adjusted disability lives. About a third of deaths in children are believed to be malnourished, though deaths are rarely labeled as such. In 2010, it is estimated to have contributed about 1.5 million deaths to women and children, although some estimates may be greater than 3 million. An additional 165 million children are estimated to experience stunted growth from malnutrition by 2013. Malnutrition is more common in developing countries. Certain groups have higher rates of malnutrition, including women - particularly during pregnancy or breast-feeding - children under the age of five, and the elderly. In the elderly, malnutrition is becoming more common due to physical, psychological, and social factors.
Video Malnutrition
Definition
Unless specifically mentioned, the term malnutrition refers to malnutrition for the rest of this article. Malnutrition can be divided into two types, SAM and MAM. SAM refers to children with severe acute malnutrition. MAM refers to moderate acute malnutrition.
Undernutrition and excess nutrition
Malnutrition is caused by eating foods where nutrients are not enough or too much causing health problems. This is a category of diseases that include malnutrition and excess nutrients. Overnutrition can lead to obesity and overweight. In some developing countries, excess nutrients in the form of obesity begin to be present in the same communities as malnutrition.
However, the term malnutrition is commonly used to refer only to malnutrition. This applies especially to the context of development cooperation. Therefore, "malnutrition" in documents by the World Health Organization, UNICEF, Save the Children or other international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is usually equated with malnutrition.
Malnutrition of energies
Malnutrition is sometimes used as a synonym for protein energy malnutrition (PEM). While others include micronutrient deficiencies and lack of protein energy in its definition. This differs from calorie restriction in calorie restriction that may not produce negative health effects. The term hypoalimentation means less feeding.
The term "severe malnutrition" or "severe malnutrition" is often used to refer specifically to PEM. PEM is often associated with micronutrient deficiency. The two forms of PEM are kwashiorkor and marasmus, and they generally co-exist.
Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor is primarily caused by inadequate protein intake. The main symptoms are edema, wasting, enlarged liver, hypoalbuminaemia, steatosis, and possibly depigmentation of the skin and hair. Kwashiorkor is further identified by abdominal swelling, which deceives the actual nutritional status. This term means 'refugee child' and comes from the West African language of Ghana, meaning "older disease acquired when the next baby is born," because this is when the older child is not breast-fed and weaned onto a diet consisting mostly of carbohydrates.
Marasmus
Marasmus ('wasting') is caused by inadequate protein and energy intake. The main symptoms are severe waste, leaving little or no edema, minimal subcutaneous fat, severe muscle wasting, and non-normal albumin serum levels. Marasmus can be produced from a sustainable diet of insufficient energy and protein, and metabolism adapts to prolong survival. Traditionally seen in starvation, significant food restrictions, or more severe cases of anorexia. The condition is characterized by extreme degeneration of muscles and skinny expressions.
Undernutrition, hunger
Nutritional deficiencies include stunting, wasting, and important vitamin and mineral deficiencies (collectively referred to as micronutrients). The term hunger, which describes the discomfort of not eating, has been used to describe malnutrition, especially in relation to food insecurity.
Definition by Gomez
In 1956, GÃÆ'³mez and Galvan studied death-related factors in a group of malnourished (malnourished) children at a hospital in Mexico City, Mexico, and defined the categories of malnutrition: first, second, and third. The degree is based on the weight below a certain percentage of average weight for age. The risk of death increases with increasing levels of malnutrition. Adaptations of the original Gomez classification are still in use today. While providing a way to compare malnutrition within and between populations, the classification has been criticized for being "arbitrary" and not considering overweight as a form of malnutrition. Also, altitude alone may not be the best indicator of malnutrition; children born prematurely can be considered short for their age even if they have good nutrition.
Definition by Waterlow
John Conrad Waterlow established a new classification for malnutrition. Instead of using only weight for age measurements, the classification set by Waterlow combines weight-for-height (showing acute episodes of malnutrition) with height-for-age to indicate stunting resulting from chronic malnutrition. One of the advantages of Waterlow's classification of Gomez's classification is that the weight for height can be checked even if age is unknown.
This malnutrition classification is usually used with some modifications by WHO.
Maps Malnutrition
Effects
Malnutrition increases the risk of infectious and infectious diseases, and malnutrition is weakening every part of the immune system. For example, it is a major risk factor in the onset of active tuberculosis. Lack of protein and energy and certain micronutrient deficiencies (including iron, zinc, and vitamins) increase susceptibility to infection. Malnutrition affects HIV transmission by increasing the risk of mother-to-child transmission and also increasing viral replication. In communities or areas without access to safe drinking water, these additional health risks are a critical issue. Lower energy and disturbed brain function also represent a spiral of malnutrition because victims are less able to perform the tasks they need to get food, earn income, or get an education.
Diseases related to vitamin deficiency (such as scabies and rheumatism).
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) can occur due to children not eating for 4 to 6 hours. Hypoglycemia should be considered if there is lethargy, weakness, seizures, or loss of consciousness. If blood sugar can be measured immediately and quickly, do a finger or heel movement.
Alerts
In those with malnutrition, some signs of dehydration are different. Children; however, may still be interested in drinking alcohol, decreased interactions with the world around them, decreased urine output, and may be cold to the touch.
Cognitive development
Malnutrition-protein calories can cause cognitive impairment. For humans, "the critical period varies from one-third of the last pregnancy to the first 2 years of life". Iron deficiency anemia in children under two years may affect brain function in an acute and possibly chronic manner. Folate deficiency has been associated with neural tube defects.
Malnutrition in the form of iodine deficiency is "the most common cause of mental disorders worldwide." "Even moderate deficiency, especially in pregnant women and infants, lowers intelligence by 10 to 15 IQ points, shaves the innumerable potential of the nation's development.The most visible and severe effects - paralysis of mumps, cretinism and dwarfism - affect minorities, usually in mountain villages, but 16 percent of people in the world have at least a mild thyroid, a swollen thyroid gland in the neck. "
Cause
The main causes of malnutrition include poverty and food prices, dietary practices and agricultural productivity, with many individual cases being a mixture of several factors. Clinical malnutrition, such as cachexia, is a major burden also in developed countries. Various scale analyzes should also be considered to determine the sociopolitical causes of malnutrition. For example, populations in poor governance may be at risk if the area does not have health-related services, but on a smaller scale certain households or individuals may be at higher risk due to different levels of income, access to land, or level of education.
Disease
Malnutrition can be a consequence of health problems such as gastroenteritis or chronic diseases, especially the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Diarrhea and other infections can cause malnutrition through decreased nutrient absorption, decreased food intake, increased metabolic demand, and immediate nutritional loss. Parasitic infections, especially intestinal helminth infections (helminthiasis), can also lead to malnutrition. The main cause of diarrhea and intestinal worm infection in children in developing countries is lack of sanitation and hygiene.
People may become malnourished due to an abnormal nutritional loss (due to diarrhea or chronic diseases affecting the small intestine). This condition may include Crohn's disease or untreated celiac disease. Malnutrition can also occur due to increased energy expenditure (secondary malnutrition).
Dieting practice
Undernutrisi
Lack of adequate breast feeding leads to malnutrition in infants and children, linked to the deaths of about one million children each year. The illegal advertising of breastmilk substitutes continued three decades after the 1981 ban under WHO International Marketing Code of Breast Milk .
Malnutrition in the mother can also be a factor causing poor health or death of a baby. More than 800,000 neonatal deaths have occurred because of imperfect fetal growth in the mother's womb.
Too much food from a single source, such as eating almost exclusively corn or rice, can lead to malnutrition. This may stem from a lack of proper nutrition education, or from having access to only one food source.
Not just the total number of calories that are important but special nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency or zinc deficiency can also increase the risk of death.
Overnutrition
Overnutrition caused by overeating is also a form of malnutrition. In the United States, more than half of adults are now overweight - a condition that, like hunger, increases vulnerability to illness and disability, reduces worker productivity, and lowers life expectancy. Excessive eating is much more common in the United States, where for most people, access to food is not a problem. Many parts of the world have access to a non-nutritious food surplus, in addition to a less mobile lifestyle enhancement. Yale psychologist Kelly Brownell calls this a "toxic food environment" where foods full of fat and sugars take precedence over healthy, nutritious foods.
The problem in developed countries is choosing the right kind of food. Fast food is consumed more per capita in the United States than in any other country. The reason for this fast food mass consumption is its affordability and accessibility. Often fast food, low cost and nutritious, high calorie and highly promoted. When these eating habits are combined with an increasingly urban, automatic, and more sedentary lifestyle, it becomes clear why weight is hard to avoid.
Not only is obesity occurring in developed countries, problems also occur in developing countries in areas where income is rising. Too much food is also a problem in countries where hunger and poverty persist. In China, the consumption of high-fat foods has increased while consumption of rice and other goods has declined.
Excessive eating causes many diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes, which can lead to death.
Poverty and food prices
In Bangladesh, poor socioeconomic positions are associated with chronic malnutrition because it inhibits the purchase of nutritious foods such as milk, meat, poultry, and fruits. As much food shortage can be a contributing factor to malnutrition in countries with a lack of technology, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) estimates that eighty percent of malnourished children living in developing countries live in producing countries surplus food. Economist Amartya Sen observes that, in the last few decades, hunger has always been a problem of food distribution and/or poverty, because there is enough food to feed the entire population of the world. He stated that malnutrition and hunger are more related to the problem of food distribution and purchasing power.
It is said that commodity speculators increase the cost of food. When real estate bubbles in the United States collapse, it is said that trillions of dollars are moving to invest in major food and commodities, leading to the food price crisis of 2007-2008.
The use of biofuels as a substitute for traditional fuels raises the price of food. The United Nations special rapporteur on the right to food, Jean Ziegler proposes that agricultural waste, such as corncobs and banana leaves, rather than the plant itself is used as fuel.
Agricultural productivity
Local food shortages can be caused by a lack of fertile land, poor weather, lower agricultural skills such as crop rotation, or by lack of technology or resources needed for higher yields found in modern agriculture, such as fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, machines and storage facilities. As a result of widespread poverty, farmers can not afford or the government can not provide the resources needed to improve local yields. The World Bank and several rich donor countries are also pressing aid-dependent countries to cut or eliminate subsidized farming inputs such as fertilizers, in the name of free market policies even as the United States and Europe extensively subsidize their own farmers. Many, if not most, farmers can not afford to buy fertilizer at market prices, leading to low agricultural production and high wages and food prices that are unaffordable. The reasons for the unavailability of fertilizer include moving to stop supplying fertilizers for environmental reasons, referred to as barriers to feeding Africa by the pioneers of the Green Revolution Norman Borlaug and Keith Rosenberg.
Future threat
There are a number of potential disruptions to global food supplies that can lead to widespread malnutrition.
Global warming is essential for food security, with 95 percent of all malnourished people living in relatively stable tropical and tropical climatic areas. According to the latest IPCC report, the temperature increase in the region is "very likely." Even small changes in temperature can lead to increased frequency of extreme weather conditions. Many of these have a major impact on agricultural production and nutrition. For example, Central Asia's drought 1998-2001 caused 80 percent of livestock loss and 50 percent reduction in wheat and wheat harvest in Iran. Similar numbers are present in other countries. Increases in extreme weather such as drought in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa will have greater consequences in terms of malnutrition. Even without an increase in extreme weather events, a modest increase in temperature reduces the productivity of many plant species, as well as decreasing food security in the region.
Disturbance of colony colony is a phenomenon in which the bees die in large quantities. Since many of the world's agricultural crops are pollinated by bees, this poses a threat to food supplies.
The wheat-stem-rust epidemic caused by the Ug99 race is currently spreading across Africa and into Asia and, it is feared, could erase more than 80 percent of the world's wheat crops.
Prevention
Food safety
Attempts to bring modern agricultural techniques found in the West, such as nitrogen and pesticide fertilizers, to Asia, called the Green Revolution, resulted in a decline in malnutrition similar to those seen earlier in Western countries. This is possible because of the existing infrastructure and institutions that lack supply in Africa, such as road systems or public seed companies that make seeds available. Investments in agriculture, such as fertilizer and subsidized seeds, increase food crops and reduce food prices. For example, in the case of Malawi, nearly five million of the 13 million inhabitants need emergency food aid. However, after the government changed policies and subsidies for fertilizers and seeds introduced to the World Bank's strictures, farmers produced a record-breaking corn harvest as production jumped to 3.4 million in 2007 from 1.2 million in 2005, making Malawi a food exporter main. It lowers food prices and increases wages for agricultural workers. Such investment in agriculture is still needed in other African countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo. This country has one of the highest prevalence of malnutrition though blessed with great agricultural potential, John Ulimwengu explained in his article for D C. Advocates to invest in agriculture including Jeffrey Sachs, who has championed the idea that rich countries should invest in fertilizers and seeds for African farmers.
New technologies in agricultural production also have great potential to combat malnutrition. By increasing agricultural output, farmers can reduce poverty by increasing revenues and clearing land for diversification of crops for domestic use. The World Bank itself claims to be part of the solution to malnutrition, insisting that the best way for countries to succeed in breaking the cycle of poverty and malnutrition is to build an export-led economy that will provide them with financial means to buy food in the world market.
Economy
There is a growing awareness among aid groups that provide cash or cash vouchers in exchange for food is a cheaper, faster, and more efficient way to provide assistance to the hungry, especially in areas where food is available but not affordable. The UN World Food Program, the largest non-governmental food distributor, announces that it will start distributing cash and vouchers as food substitutes in some areas, to which Josette Sheeran, WFP's executive director, is described as a "revolution" in food aid. The Concern Worldwide aid agency is driving the method through a mobile phone operator, Safaricom, which runs a money transfer program that allows cash to be sent from one part of the country to another.
However, for people living in droughts that are away from and with limited access to the market, sending food may be the most appropriate way to help. Fred Cuny stated that "the possibility of saving lives at the start of rescue operations is greatly reduced when food is imported.At that time arrives in the country and gets to people, many will die." The US law, which requires the purchase of food at home rather than the hungry man's dwelling, is inefficient because about half of what is spent is spent on transportation. Cuny further pointed out that "recent studies of hunger have shown that food is available in the country - though not always in areas of direct food deficit" and "though by local standards the price is too high for the poor to buy it," it is usually cheaper for donors to buy food stockpiled at a higher price than to import it from abroad. "
Ethiopia has pioneered a program that has now become part of the World Bank's set of methods to address the food crisis and has been seen by relief organizations as a model of how best to help hungry countries. Through the country's main food aid program, the Productive Safety Net Program, Ethiopia has provided rural residents with chronic food shortages, employment opportunities for food or cash. Foreign aid organizations such as the World Food Program can then purchase food locally from surplus areas to be distributed in areas with food shortages. Ethiopia has pioneered the program, and Brazil has created a recycling program for organic waste that benefits farmers, the urban poor, and the city at large. Urban residents separate organic waste from their garbage, pocket it, and then exchange it with fresh fruit and vegetables from local farmers. As a result, the country's waste is reduced and the urban poor get a fixed supply of nutritious food.
World population
Limiting population size is the proposed solution. Thomas Malthus argues that population growth can be controlled by natural disasters and voluntary boundaries through "moral restraint." Robert Chapman points out that intervention through government policy is a necessary element to limit global population growth. However, there are many who believe that the world has more than enough resources to sustain its population. Instead, these theorists point to the unequal distribution of resources and unused land as the cause of malnutrition. For example, Amartya Sen suggests that, "no matter how hunger occurs, the method of disconnection requires a large supply of food in the public distribution system.This applies not only to regulating rationing and control but also to work programs and other methods to improve purchasing power for those affected by a shift in exchange rights in general inflationary situations. "
Food sovereignty
A suggested policy framework for solving access problems is called food sovereignty - the right of people to define their own food, farming, livestock and fishery systems, in contrast to foods that are largely subject to international market forces. Food First is one of the main think tanks working to build support for food sovereignty. Neoliberals advocated the increasing role of the free market.
Health facilities
Another possible long-term solution is increasing access to healthcare facilities to rural areas of the world. This facility can monitor malnourished children, act as an additional food distribution center, and provide education about dietary needs. These facilities have proved very successful in countries like Peru and Ghana.
Breastfeeding
By 2016 it is estimated that around 821,000 child deaths less than five years can be prevented globally annually through wider breastfeeding. In addition to reducing infant mortality, breastfeeding provides an important source of micronutrients, clinically proven to boost the immune system of children, and provide long-term defense against non-communicable diseases and allergies. Breastfeeding has also been shown to improve cognitive abilities in children, with a strong correlation to individual educational achievement. As mentioned earlier, the lack of appropriate breastfeeding is a major factor in child mortality, and a major determinant of disease progression for children. The medical community recommends infants who are exclusively breastfed for 6 months, with nutritional supplements throughout the diet and continue breastfeeding for up to 2 years or more for overall optimal health outcomes. Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as giving only breast milk for six months as a source of food and nutrition. This means no other liquids, including water or semi-solid food.
Barriers for breastfeeding
Breastfeeding is recorded as one of the most cost-effective medical interventions to provide beneficial child health. While there is considerable discrepancy in developed and developing countries: income, employment, social norms, and access to health care are found to be universal determinants of whether breastfeeding mothers feed their feeding formula. Community-based healthcare workers have helped to alleviate the financial constraints faced by newly created mothers, and provide a viable alternative to traditional and expensive hospital-based medical care. Recent studies based on surveys conducted from 1995-2010 show exclusive breastfeeding rates have risen globally, from 33% to 39%. Despite the growth rate, medical professionals recognize the need for improvement given the importance of exclusive breastfeeding.
Global Initiative
Food security and global malnutrition have long been a topic of international concern, with one of the first official global documents to address it as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). In this document it states that access to food is part of an adequate right to standard life. The right to food is affirmed in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, a treaty adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 16, 1966. The right to food is a human right for people to feed themselves with dignity, to be free from hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition. By 2018, the treaty has been signed by 166 countries, with the signing of the countries agreeing to take maximum measures of their available resources to achieve the right to adequate food.
However, after the International Covenant of 1966, global concern for access to adequate food only became more present, leading to the first World Food Conference held in 1974 in Rome, Italy. The Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition is a UN resolution adopted on 16 November 1974 by 135 countries attending the 1974 World Food Conference. This non-legally binding document specifies certain aspirations for countries to follow to take adequate action on the issue global food. Ultimately this document outlines and provides guidance on how the international community can work against and solve the growing global issues of malnutrition and hunger.
The adoption of the right to food is included in the Protocol Supplementary to the American Convention on Human Rights in the area of ​​Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, this 1978 document adopted by many States in America, the purpose of this document is, "to consolidate in this hemisphere, in the framework of democratic institutions, the system of personal freedom and social justice based on respect for human essential rights. "
The next document on the timeline of the global for malnutrition is the 1996 Rome Declaration on World Food Safety, organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization. This document reaffirms the right to have access to safe and nutritious food by everyone, as well as remember that everyone is getting enough food, and sets goals for all countries to increase their commitment to food security by reducing the number of malnourished people in the year 2015. In 2004 the Food and Agriculture Organization adopted the Guidelines on the Right to Food, which offered to declare a framework on how to improve the right to food nationally.
One of the most recent and powerful global policies to reduce hunger and poverty is the goal of sustainable development. Specifically Goal 2: Zero Hunger sets globally agreed targets to end hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. The Compact2025 partnership, led by IFPRI with the involvement of UN organizations, NGOs and private foundations develops and disseminates evidence-based advice to politicians and other decision makers aimed at ending hunger and malnutrition within the next 10 years, by 2025.
In April 2012, the Food Assistance Convention was signed, the first legally binding international agreement on food aid. The Copenhagen Consensus in May 2012 recommends that efforts to combat hunger and malnutrition should be the first priority for private sector politicians and philanthropists who wish to maximize the effectiveness of aid spending. They put this ahead of other priorities, such as the fight against malaria and AIDS.
The EndingHunger campaign is an online communication campaign aimed at raising awareness of hunger issues. It has worked a lot through viral videos depicting celebrities voicing their anger about the large number of hungry people in the world. Another initiative that focuses on improving the famine situation by improving nutrition is the Scaling up Nutrition (SUN) movement. Beginning in 2010, the movements of people from governments, civil society, the UN, donors, businesses and researchers, publish annual progress reports on change in their 55 partner countries.
Treatment
In response to child malnutrition, the Bangladesh government recommended ten steps to treat severe malnutrition. They are to prevent or treat dehydration, low blood sugar, low body temperature, infection, correct electrolyte imbalance and micronutrient deficiency, start eating carefully, achieve growth chase, provide psychological support, and prepare to go home and follow-up after recovery.
Among those hospitalized, nutritional support increases protein, calorie intake and weight gain.
Food
Evidence of additional feeding benefits is poor. This is due to the small amount of research done on this treatment.
Specially formulated foods do appear to be beneficial in those from developing countries with moderate acute malnutrition. In children with severe acute malnutrition it is unclear whether ready-to-use therapeutic foods differ from normal diets. They may have some benefits in a humanitarian emergency because they can be eaten directly from the pack, requiring no cooling or mixing with clean water, and can be stored for years.
In those with severe malnutrition, overeating and too quickly can lead to refeeding syndrome. This can lead to regardless of the feeding route and may appear several days after meals with heart failure, dysrhythmias and confusion that can lead to death.
Manufacturers try to fortify the daily food with micronutrients that can be sold to consumers such as wheat flour for Beladi bread in Egypt or fish sauce in Vietnam and iodized salt.
For example, flour has been fortified with iron, zinc, folic acid and other B vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin B12.
Micronutrient
Treating malnutrition, mostly through micronutrient-fortified foods (vitamins and minerals), increases life at lower costs and shorter times than other forms of assistance, according to the World Bank. The Copenhagen consensus, which looks at development proposals, puts micronutrient supplements as number one.
In those with diarrhea, after the initial four-hour rehydration period is complete, a zinc supplement is recommended. The daily zinc increases the chances of reducing the severity and duration of diarrhea, and continuing with daily zinc for ten to fourteen days makes the diarrhea less likely to recur within the next two to three months.
In addition, malnourished children need both potassium and magnesium. This can be obtained by following the above recommendations for the child's dehydration to continue eating within two to three hours of rehydration starting, and including potassium-rich foods as above. Low blood potassium is exacerbated when the base (as in Ringer's/Hartmann's) is given to treat acidosis without simultaneously providing potassium. As above, available home products such as salted and unsalted cereal, salted and unsalted vegetable broth can be given earlier during childhood diarrhea along with continuous feeding. Vitamin A, potassium, magnesium, and zinc should be added with other vitamins and minerals if available.
For malnourished children with diarrhea from any cause, this should include potassium-rich foods such as bananas, green coconut water, and unsweetened fresh fruit juice.
Diarrhea
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends rehydrating highly malnourished children with relatively slow diarrhea. The preferred method is with mouth fluids using a beverage called oral rehydration solution (ORS). Oral rehydration solutions are slightly sweet and slightly salty and are recommended in those with severe malnutrition should have half the usual sodium and larger potassium. Liquids by nasogastric tubes may be used in those who do not drink. Intravenous fluids are only recommended in those with significant dehydration because of their potential complications. These complications include congestive heart failure. Over time, ORS develops into ORT, or oral rehydration therapy, which focuses on increasing fluids by supplying salt, carbohydrates, and water. This switch from this type of fluid to the amount of fluid is essential to prevent dehydration from diarrhea.
Breastfeeding and eating should proceed as soon as possible. Drinks such as soft drinks, fruit juice, or sweet tea are not recommended because they contain too much sugar and can aggravate diarrhea. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are recommended in all children with severe malnutrition with diarrhea requiring hospital admission.
To prevent dehydration fluids available, preferably with less sugar and salt such as vegetable broth or salted rice water, may be used. Drinking additional clean water is also recommended. After dehydration develop an oral rehydration solution is preferred. As many of these drinks as desired people can be given, unless there are signs of swelling. If vomiting occurs, the fluid can be stopped for 5-10 minutes and then restart more slowly. Vomiting rarely prevents rehydration because the fluid is still absorbed and vomiting rarely lasts long. A child who is malnourished by what appears to be dehydrated but who has not experienced diarrhea should be treated as if they have an infection.
For an infant, a needle-free pipette or syringe can be used to insert a small amount of liquid into the mouth; for children under 2, one teaspoon every one to two minutes; and for older children and adults, often fired directly from the cup. After the first two hours, rehydration should proceed at the same or slower rate, determined by how much fluid the child wants and the ongoing diarrhea loss. After the first two hours of rehydration, it is recommended to alternate between rehydration and food.
In 2003, WHO and UNICEF recommended reduced ORS osmolarity that still treated dehydration but also reduced the volume of stool and vomiting. Reduction of osmolarity of ORS is the current standard ORS with considerable availability. For general use, a package of ORS (glucose sugar, salt, potassium chloride, and trisodium citrate) is added to one liter of water; However, for malnourished children it is recommended that one ORS package be added to two liters of water along with 50 grams of extra sucrose sugar and some potassium stock solution.
Malnourished children have an excess of body sodium. Recommendations for home treatment agree with one liter of water (34 oz.) And 6 teaspoons of sugar and disagree as to whether it is then a teaspoon of salt added or only 1/2, with perhaps most sources recommending 1/2 teaspoon of extra salt for one liter of water.
Low blood sugar
Hypoglycemia, whether known or suspected, can be treated with a mixture of sugar and water. If the child is aware, the initial dose of sugar and water can be given by mouth. If the child is not conscious, give glucose through an intravenous or nasogastric tube. If a seizure occurs after despite glucose, rectal diazepam is recommended. Blood sugar levels should be re-examined within two hours of the interval.
Hypothermia
Hypothermia can occur. To prevent or treat this, the child can remain warm with a cover including the head or with skin-to-skin contact with the mother or father and then cover both parents and children. Long baths or long medical examinations should be avoided. The heating method is usually most important at night.
Epidemiology
The numbers given in this epidemiology section all refer to malnutrition even if the term malnutrition is used which, by definition, can also apply to too much nutrition.
Affected people
There are 815 million malnourished people in the world by 2017. This is 176 million fewer people than in 1990 when 991 million people were malnourished. This is despite world farmers producing enough food to feed about 12 billion people - almost twice the current world population.
Malnutrition, in 2010, was the cause of 1.4% of all years of adjusted disability lives.
Mortality
The death toll from malnutrition accounted for 58 percent of total deaths in 2006: "In the world, about 62 million people, all causes of death combined, die each year One in twelve people worldwide malnourished and according to Save the Children 2012 report , one in four children in the world suffers from chronic malnutrition In 2006, more than 36 million died from starvation or disease due to micronutrient deficiency.
In 2010 protein energy malnutrition resulted in 600,000 deaths falling from 883,000 deaths in 1990. Other nutritional deficiencies, which include iodine deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia, resulted in 84,000 other deaths. In 2010 malnutrition caused about 1.5 million deaths in women and children.
According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is the largest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases. Six million children die of starvation each year. Less severe birth and intrauterine growth restriction result in 2.2 million child deaths per year. Poor or no breastfeeding causes another 1.4 million. Other deficiencies, such as vitamin A or zinc deficiency, for example, reach 1 million. Malnutrition within the first two years is irreversible. Malnourished children grow up with poor health and lower educational attainment. Their own children tend to be smaller. Malnutrition has previously been seen as something that aggravates the problems of diseases such as measles, pneumonia and diarrhea, but malnutrition actually causes illness, and can be fatal in itself.
Society and culture
Approximately $ 300 million of aid is given to basic nutrition every year, less than $ 2 for every child under two in the 20 worst affected countries. In contrast, HIV/AIDS, which causes less deaths than malnourished children, receives $ 2.2 billion - $ 67 per person with HIV in all countries.
The International Trophy Research Institute for Tropical Tropics (ICRISAT), a member of the CGIAR consortium, partners with farmers, governments, researchers and NGOs to help farmers grow nutritious crops, such as beans, peanuts, pigeons, millet and sorghum. This helps their communities have a more balanced diet and becomes more resistant to pests and drought. Opportunities Utilizing Increased Productivity of Sorgum and Millet in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian-Subcontinent (HOPE) project, for example, increase finger millet yields in Tanzania by encouraging farmers to grow improved varieties. Millet finger is very high in calcium, rich in iron and fiber, and has a better energy content than other cereals. This characteristic makes it ideal for breastfeeding in infants and the elderly.
Some organizations have begun working with teachers, policy makers, and food service contractors managed to mandate increased nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from elementary to university schools. Health and nutrition have been shown to have a close relationship with the success of education as a whole.
The verb form is "malnutrition"; "malnutrition" is sometimes used as a substitute for "malnutrition."
Custom population
Malnutrition is an important determinant of maternal and child health, accounting for more than a third of childhood deaths and more than 10 percent of the total global disease burden according to a 2008 study.
Children
The World Health Organization estimates that malnutrition accounts for 54 percent of child deaths worldwide, about 1 million children. Another estimate also by WHO states that children's underweight is the cause of about 35% of all deaths of children under the age of five around the world.
Since underweight children are more susceptible to almost all infectious diseases, the burden of indirectly malnutrition is estimated to be an order of magnitude higher than the direct disease burden of malnutrition. The combination of direct and indirect deaths from malnutrition caused by clean water practices, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is estimated to cause 860,000 deaths per year in children under the age of five.
Female
Gender
Researchers from the Center for World Food Studies in 2003 found that the gap between malnutrition rates in men and women is generally small, but the gap varies from region to region and from country to country. This small-scale study shows that the prevalence rate of malnourished women exceeds the prevalence rate of malnutrition in South/Southeast Asia and Latin America and lower in Sub-Saharan Africa. Data set for Ethiopia and Zimbabwe reported malnutrition rates between 1.5 and 2 times higher in men than in women; However, in India and Pakistan, malnutrition dataset levels are 1.5-2 times higher in women than in men. Intra-country variations also occur, with frequent high gaps between malnutrition levels of the region. Gender inequalities in nutrition in some countries such as India are present at all stages of life.
The study of nutrition on the gender bias in the household looked at the pattern of food allocation, and one study from 2003 showed that women often receive a lower portion of food than men. Gender discrimination, gender roles, and social norms that affect women can lead to early marriage and childbirth, close birth spacing, and malnutrition, all of which contribute to malnourished mothers.
Within households, there may be differences in malnutrition rates between men and women, and this difference has been shown to vary significantly from one region to another, with problem areas indicating the relative deprivation of women. A sample of 1000 women in India in 2008 showed that malnutrition in women was associated with poverty, lack of development and awareness, and illiteracy. The same study shows that gender discrimination within a household can prevent a woman's access to adequate food and health. How socialization affects women's health in Bangladesh, Najma Rivzi explains in an article about a research program on this topic. In some cases, as in parts of Kenya in 2006, malnutrition rates in pregnant women were even higher than rates in children.
Women in some societies have traditionally been given less food than men because men are considered to have a heavier workload. Domestic work and agricultural tasks can actually be very difficult and require additional energy and nutrients; however, physical activity, which greatly determines energy needs, is difficult to estimate.
Physiology
Women have unique nutritional needs, and in some cases require more nutrients than men; for example, women need twice as much calcium as men.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding
During pregnancy and breast-feeding, women should digest enough of the nutrients for themselves and their children, so they need more protein and calories significantly during this period, as well as more vitamins and minerals (especially iron, iodine, calcium, folic acid, and vitamins A, C, and K). In 2001 the UN FAO reported that iron deficiency afflicts 43 percent of women in developing countries and increases the risk of death during childbirth. A review of the 2008 intervention estimates that universal supplementation with calcium, iron, and folic acid during pregnancy can prevent 105,000 maternal deaths (23.6 percent of all maternal deaths).
Frequent pregnancies with short intervals between them and long breastfeeding periods add additional nutritional burden.
Educate children
According to the FAO, women are often responsible for preparing food and have the opportunity to educate their children about beneficial food and health habits, giving mothers another opportunity to improve the nutrition of their children.
Elderly
Malnutrition and weight loss are more common in elderly than in adults of other ages. If the parents are healthy and active, the aging process alone usually does not cause malnutrition. However, changes in body composition, organ function, adequate energy intake and ability to eat or access food are associated with aging, and can lead to malnutrition. Sorrow or depression can play a role, causing changes in appetite, digestion, energy levels, weight, and well-being. A study of the relationship between malnutrition and other conditions in the elderly found that malnutrition in the elderly can be caused by digestive and endocrine disorders, loss of taste and odor, decreased appetite and inadequate dietary intake. Poor oral hygiene, false teeth that do not fit, or the problem of chewing and swallowing can make eating difficult. As a result of these factors, malnutrition appears to develop more easily in the elderly.
Malnutrition rates tend to increase with the age of less than 10 percent of "young" (up to age 75) malnourished parents, while 30 to 65 percent of elderly in care homes, long-term care facilities, or acute malnourished hospitals.. Many elderly people need help in eating, which can contribute to malnutrition. However, the mortality rate due to malnutrition can be reduced. Therefore, one of the main requirements of elderly care is to provide adequate food and all essential nutrients. Providing different nutrients such as protein and energy keeps the weight small but consistent.
In Australia, malnutrition or malnutrition risk occurs in 80 percent of the elderly who come to the hospital to enter. Malnutrition and weight loss may contribute to sarcopenia with loss of lean body mass and muscle function. Abdominal obesity or weight loss coupled with sarcopenia leads to immobility, skeletal disorders, insulin resistance, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and metabolic disorders. A paper from the Journal of the American Dietetic Association noted that routine nutritional examination is one way to detect and therefore reduce the prevalence of malnutrition in the elderly.
See also
References
External links
- Malnutrition in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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