The northern cardinal ( Cardinalis cardinalis ) is a North American bird in the genus Cardinalis ; It is also known colloquially as redbird , general cardinal or just cardinal (whose name was before 1985). These can be found in southern Canada, through the eastern United States from Maine to Texas and south through Mexico, Belize and Guatemala. Habitat includes forests, gardens, shrubs, and wetlands.
The northern cardinal is a medium-sized singer with a body length of 21-23 cm (8.3-9.1 inches). It has a distinctive emblem on the head and a mask on a black face on men and gray in women. Men are bright red, while women are a dull reddish olive. The northern cardinal is primarily granivorous, but also feeds on insects and fruit. Men behave territorially, marking their territory with songs. During the courtship, the seeds feed the men into the beak of the women's half. Clutches of three to four eggs are laid, and two to four grips are produced each year. He used to be valued as a pet, but his sale as a caged bird was banned in the United States by the 1918 Migration Agreement Act.
Video Northern cardinal
Taxonomy
The northern cardinal is one of three birds in the Cardinalis genus and belongs to the Cardinalidae family, composed of passerine birds found in North and South America.
The northern cardinal is one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in the work of the 18th century Systema Naturae . It was originally included in the genus Loxia , which now contains only crossbills. In 1838, it was placed in the genus Cardinalis and was given the scientific name Cardinalis virginianus , which means "Cardinal of Virginia". In 1918, the scientific name was changed to Richmondena Cardinalis in honor of Charles Wallace Richmond, an American bird expert. In 1983, the scientific name was changed again into Cardinalis Cardinalis and the common name was changed to "northern cardinal", to avoid confusion with seven other species also called cardinal.
The common name, as well as the scientific name, of the northern cardinal refers to the cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, dressed in distinctive robes and red caps. The term "north" in the common name refers to its range, since it is the northernmost cardinal species.
Subspecies
Ada 19 subspesies:
- C. c. cardinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- C. c. affinis Nelson, 1899
- C. c. canicaudus Chapman, 1891
- C. c. carneus (Pelajaran, 1842)
- C. c. clintoni (Banks, 1963)
- C. c. coccineus Ridgway, 1873
- C. c. flammiger J.L. Peters, 1913
- C. c. floridanus
Ridgway, 1896 - C. c. igneus S.F. Baird, 1860
- C. c. littoralis
Nelson, 1897 - C. c. magnirostris Bangs, 1903
- C. c. mariae
Nelson, 1898 - C. c. phillipsi
Parkes, 1997 - C. c. saturatus Ridgway, 1885
- C. c. seftoni (Huey, 1940)
- C. c. sinaloensis Nelson, 1899
- C. c. superbus Ridgway, 1885
- C. c. townsendi (van Rossem, 1932)
- C. c. yucatanicus Ridgway, 1887
Maps Northern cardinal
Deskripsi
The northern cardinal is a medium-sized singer with a body length of 21-23.5 cm (8.3-9.3 inches) and a wingspan of 25-31 cm (9.8-12.2 inches). Adults weigh from 33.6-65 g (1.19-2.29 oz), with an average of 44.8 g (1.58 oz). The average man is slightly larger than the female. The adult male is a brilliant crimson crimson color with a black face mask over the eyes, extending to the upper chest. The color becomes dull and dark in the back and wings. The females are deer, with most grayish-brown tones and slightly reddish on the wings, emblems, and tail feathers. Female face mask is gray to black and less clear than the male. Both sexes have prominent prominent peaks and bright coral reefs. Its beak is conical and strong. Young birds, both male and female, exhibit a color similar to adult females to autumn, when they molt and grow adult fur. It is brown above and brownish red below, with symbols, foreheads, wings, and colored brick tails. Her legs and feet are dark pink. Iris eyes are brown. The color of male hair is produced from carotenoid pigments in the diet. Colors are produced from red pigments and carotenoid yellow pigments. The northern cardinal boy usually metabolizes carotenoid pigments to make different color feather pigmentation of the swallowed pigment. When only given the yellow pigment, the male becomes a pale red color. Some cardinals "yellow morph" lack the enzyme to perform this conversion. Their beaks and feathers (except the black face mask) are yellow. Sightings are rare.
During the winter, both men and women will pound their feathers down to trap the warm air next to their bodies and keep the cold air from reaching their bodies. The lower feathers are small and hairy at the base of each flight feather. The legs and legs of almost all birds are thin and have no hair, and are particularly prone to rapid heat loss. Therefore, many take turns slipping one leg at a time into their body to keep them warm while still using the other to stand up.
Distribution and habitat
Northern cardinal is common in the eastern United States from Maine to Texas and in Canada in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Its range extends westward to the US-Mexico and southern border through Mexico to Isthmus from Tehuantepec, northern Guatemala, and northern Belize. The allopathic population is found on the Pacific Rim of Mexico from Jalisco to Oaxaca; note that this population is not shown on the range map . This species was introduced to Bermuda in 1700. It has also been introduced in Hawaii and southern California. Its natural habitat is in forests, gardens, shrubs, and wetlands.
Ecology
Song
The northern cardinal is a territorial song bird. Men sing with loud and clear whistles from tree tops or other high locations to defend their territory. He will drive other men into his territory. He may misrepresent his image on the various reflective surfaces as the attacking man, and will fight his abstinence unceasingly. The northern cardinal studied his songs, and as a result the songs varied regionally. Married couples often travel together. Also, songs from the northern cardinal will usually overlap more in syllables when compared to other nearby northern cardinals than those away from it.
Both sexes sing a clear song pattern, whistle, repeated several times, then vary. Some common phrases are described as "cheeeer-a-dote", "purdy, purdy, whoops" cheer... Wheet, wheet, wheet, wheet "and" cheer, cheer, cheer, what, what, what, what ". The northern cardinal has a special alarm call, a short metal sound chip . This appeal is often given when predators approach the nest, to warn females and bird nestlings. In some cases, he will also pronounce a series of chipping notes. The frequency and volume of this note increases as the threat becomes larger. This chipping sound is also used by the cardinal pair to look for each other, especially during the twilight hours when visibility is reduced.
Songs of the two northern cardinal sexes, though indistinguishable by the human ear, are sexually dimorphic. It is recommended that this is due to differences in hormone levels of both sexes.
Predator
The northern cardinal was preoccupied by various North American native predators, including the eagles, all the Accipiter eagles, sharks, bald eagles, golden eagles and some owls, including long-eared owls, and the eastern eagles of the owls. Predators of chicks and eggs include milk snakes, coluber masters, blue jays, eastern gray squirrels, fox squirrels, eastern chipmunks, and domestic cats.
Diet
The northern cardinal diet consists mainly (up to 90%) of weed seeds, grains, and fruits. It is a ground feeder and finds food while jumping on the ground through trees or shrubs. It will also consume insects, including beetles, cicadas, grasshoppers, and snails; it feeds its children almost exclusively on insects. Other common items include corn and wheat, sunflower seeds, elm tree flowers and bark, and maple sap from a hole made by sapsucker, an example of komensalism. During the summer months it shows a preference for flammable seeds, but is less selective when food is scarce during winter. Putting safflower seeds in the feeder is a powerful strategy to attract them.
Reproduction
Couples live, and stay together all year. Couple couples sometimes sing together before nesting. During courtship they can also participate in the bonding behavior in which men collect food and bring it to females, feeding its beaks. If marriage succeeds, feeding the couple may continue during the incubation period.
Males sometimes carry nest material to females, which do most of the buildings. He crushes twigs with his beak until they are flexible, then turns to the nest to bend twigs around his body and push them into a cup shape with his legs. The cup has four layers: crude twigs (and sometimes scraps) covered with leaf mats, then covered with vine bark and finally grass, stems, roots, and pine needles. Nest usually takes three to nine days to build; the finished product is 5.1-7.6 cm (2.0-3.0 in) high, 10.1 cm (4.0 inches), with an inner diameter of about 7.6 cm (3.0 inches). Cardinals usually do not use their nests more than once. Females build cup nests in a place hidden in dense bushes or low trees 1-3 m (3.3-9.8 ft) from the ground. The nest is made of thin twigs, pieces of bark, and grass, coated with grass or other plant fibers. Eggs are placed one to six days after the completion of the nest. The eggs are white, in green, blue or brown, and marked with lavender, gray, or thicker brown spots around the larger end. The shell is smooth and slightly shiny. Three or four eggs are placed in each clutch. The eggs measure about 26 mm - 19 mm (1.02 inches in size of 0.75 inches). Females generally lay eggs, though, rarely, males will incubate for short periods of time. Incubation takes 12 to 13 days. Young fledge 10 to 11 days after hatching. Two to three, and even four, parents are raised each year. Men care and feed each parent as the females are hatching the next egg from the egg.
The oldest wild cardinal wounded by researchers lived at least 15 years and 9 months, although 28.5 years was achieved by a captive bird. The annual survival rate for mature northern cardinals has been estimated at 60 to 65%; However, like other passerine birds, high teenage mortality means an average age of only about one year.
Relationships with humans
The northern cardinal is found in residential areas throughout his ranks. The backyard birders pull it using a feeder containing seeds, especially sunflower seeds and safflower seeds. Despite some controversy surrounding bird feeding, increased feeding in the backyard by humans is generally beneficial for this species. It is listed as the species most noticed by the IUCN Red List, with an estimated global reach of 5,800,000 km 2 (2,200,000 sq. N, mi) and a global population of around 100 million. The population appears to remain stable and not threatened to reach the inclusion threshold as an endangered species, requiring a reduction of more than 30% in ten years or three generations. It was once valuable as a pet because of its bright colors and distinctive songs. In the United States, this species received special legal protection under the 1918 Migration Birds Agreement Act, which also banned their sale as a cage. It is also protected by the Convention for the Protection of Canadian Migrants. It is illegal to take, kill, or have a northern cardinal, and violations of the law may be punishable by a fine of up to US $ 15,000 and imprisonment up to six months.
In the United States, the northern cardinal is the mascot of many athletic teams; However, most teams describe birds with beak and yellow legs. In professional sports, it is the mascot of St. Louis Cardinals of the National League Major League Baseball and Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League. In college athletics, it is the mascot of many schools including Ball State University, American Catholic University, Illinois State University, Iowa State University, Lamar University, Massachusetts Academy of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, North Idaho High School, Saint John Fisher College, State University New York in Plattsburgh, Louisville University, Incarnate Incarnate University, Wesleyan University, and Wheeling Jesuit University.
The red cardinal is in the projekt logo of a Polish video game developer.
Country bird
The northern cardinal is a state bird of seven states, more than any other species: Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia. It was also a candidate for the state bird of Delaware, but lost to Delaware Blue Hen.
References
External links
- An article about the cardinal songs of Columbia University
- "north media cardinal". Bird Bird Collection .
- Photo gallery of the Northern Cardinal at VIREO (Drexel University)
- The cardinal stamps at bird-stamps.org
- Florida bird sounds, including northern cardinal - Florida Museum of Natural History
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments