A mongrel , mixed race dog or mutt are dogs that do not belong to any of the officially recognized breeds and not the result of intentional breeding. Estimates put their numbers in 150 million animals worldwide. Although the term "mixed dog" is preferred by some people, many mongrel have no known purebred ancestors. Furthermore, crossbreeding dogs, although literally a mixture of breeds, are different from bongrels that are deliberately raised. Although bongrels are sometimes considered inferior to deliberately raised dogs, they are considered less susceptible to genetic health problems associated with dog breeding (based on heterosis theory), and have fans and defenders who prefer them to dogs that are raised on purpose..
Although bongrel exhibits great variations, uncontrolled generation of food and environmental stresses may tend to shape them against certain types of bodies and common characteristics known as landraces, some of which can be developed by people into new breeds such as Alaskan husky.
At other times, the word "vulture dog" has been applied to informally cultivated dogs such as curs created at least partly from a mongrel, especially if the breed is not officially recognized.
Video Mongrel
Terminologi
Mixed-breed atau crossbreed
Like mixed mongrels/breeds, crossed dogs do not belong to a known breed. Unlike mixed breeds, however, dogs of crosses are often a product of artificial selection - deliberately created by humans, while the term "dog" specifically refers to dogs that thrive through natural selection, without planned intervention from humans.
Mixed blend or bongrel
In the United States, the term "mixed breed" is the preferred synonym of "mongrel" among many who wish to avoid the negative connotations associated with the last term. The implication that these dogs must be a mixture of certain breeds can come from an inverted understanding of the origin of the dog race. Pure breeds have been, for the most part, artificially created from populations reared randomly by selective breeding of humans with the aim of improving the desired physical, behavioral, or temperamental characteristics. Dogs that are not race are not always a mixture of such defined races. Therefore, among some experts and fans of such dogs, "Mongrel" is still a preferred term.
Regional terms and slang
The words cur , tyke , mutt , and mongrel are used, sometimes in derogatory ways. There is also a regional term for mixed breeds. In the UK, mongrel is a unique technical word for mixed dogs. North Americans generally prefer mixed or mixed terms. Mutt is also commonly used (in the United States and Canada). Some American dog registries and clubs accept dogs of mixed breeds using the description of the breed All American .
There are also names for mixed breeds based on geography, behavior, or food. In Hawaii, the mixture is referred to as poi, although they are not associated with extinct Hawaiian poultry. In the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands, the general term is pastry (referring to the rest of the feeding table). In South Africa the expression of the tongue-in-cheek special pavement is sometimes used as a description for mixed race dogs. In Serbia, similar expressions are prekoplotski avlijaner ( over-the-fence pages ). In the Philippines, mixed street dogs are often called askals , contractions coming from the Tagalog street dog ("street dogs"). In Puerto Rico they are known as animals ; in Venezuela they are called cacels , the contraction of the words callejero criollo (literally, street creole, as street dogs are usually bongrels); and in Chile and Bolivia, they are called quiltros . In Costa Rica it is common to hear the word zaguate , a term derived from the Nahuatl term, zahuatl , which refers to a scurvy. In the southern United States of America, a small hunting dog is known as a feist.
The term slang is also common. Heinz, Heinz, or Heinz Hound is often used for dogs with uncertain ancestors, in a fun reference to the slogan "57 Varieties" from Company H. J. Heinz. In some countries, such as Australia, Maps Mongrel
Define an ancestor
Guessing mixed breeds can be difficult even for knowledgeable dog observers, since mixed breeds have more genetic variation than pure race. For example, two black mixed dogs may each have a recessive gene that produces a blond coat and, therefore, produce offspring unlike the mother.
Beginning in 2007, genetic analysis has become publicly available. Companies claiming their DNA-based diagnostic test can genetically determine the composition of mixed breeds. These tests are still limited in scope as only a small number of hundreds of dog breeds have been validated against testing, and because the same breeds in different geographic areas may have different genetic profiles. This test does not test the purity of the breed, but to the genetic sequence common to certain breeds. With mixed breeds, the test is not a proof of race ancestry, but an indication that the dogs share the same ancestry with certain races. The American Kennel Club does not recognize the use of DNA tests to determine the type.
In addition, many newer breed dogs can be traced back to common basic breeds that make them difficult to genetically separate. For example, Labrador Retrievers, Flat-coated Retailers, Chesapeake Bay Retrievers, and Newfoundland Dogs share the ancestors of water dogs St. John - an extinct dog naturally breeds from the island of Newfoundland.
Health
Hybrid power theory suggests that as a group, dogs with varied ancestors would be healthier than their breeds. In racial dogs, deliberately breeding dogs with very similar appearances for generations produce animals that carry many of the same alleles, some of which are harmful. If the founding population for breeds is small, then the genetic diversity of certain breeds may be small for some time. In essence, when humans choose certain dogs for new offspring, they artificially isolate the gene group and cause more copies of the gene to be created than is possible in nature. Initially, the population will become more vulnerable due to lack of genetic diversity. If dogs breed popularly, and the line continues, over hundreds of years of diversity will increase due to mutations and outside breeding; like an island with some new birds - they will diversify. This is why some "old" breeds are more stable. The problem is that certain characteristics found in the breed standard are associated with genetic disorders. Then, the selective artificial force supports the duplication of genetic abnormalities, as it comes with the desired physical properties. Hybrid genetic health tends to be higher. Healthy traits have been lost in many lines of dog breed because many dog ​​breeders are more interested in conformation - the physical attributes of dogs in relation to breed standards - than in the health and work temperament in which the dog was initially raised.
The population is particularly vulnerable when the dog is raised closely. Inbreeding among pure race has exposed many genetic health problems not always seen clearly in a less uniform population. Dogs with mixed breeds are more genetically diverse because of the more morally wedded nature of their parents. However, "haphazard" is not the same as "random" for a geneticist. Marriage-like offspring may be less likely to express certain genetic disorders because there may be a decreased likelihood that both parents carry the same recessive allele, but some harmful recessions occur in many seemingly unrelated breeds, and therefore simply mixing breeds is not a guarantee. genetic health. Also, when two poor specimens are bred, the offspring can inherit the worst traits of both parents. This is usually seen in dogs from dog factories.
Several studies have shown that mixed breeds have health benefits compared to pure-bred dogs. A study in Germany found that "Mongrels require less animal care". Studies in Sweden have found that "Mongrel dogs are less susceptible to many diseases than pure race dogs" and, referring to the rate of death, "Mongrels are consistently in the low risk category". Data from Denmark also show that mixed breeds have higher longevity than average compared to purebreeds. A British study showed similar results but some breeds (especially Jack Russell Terriers, Miniature Poodles and Whippets) live longer than mixed breeds.
In one landmark study, the effect of proliferating on longevity in pet dogs was analyzed using death data from 23,535 pet dogs. Data were obtained from veterinary education hospitals in North America. The mean age at death is determined for pure breed dogs and mixtures of different body weights. In each weight category, the average age at death is lower for pure race dogs compared to mixed race dogs. The mean age at death was "8.5 years for all mixed race dogs, and 6.7 years for all pure race dogs" in this study.
In 2013, a study found that live-mixed breeds averaged 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that weight gain was negatively correlated with longevity (ie, the longer the dog weighed).
Type
Dog dogs can be divided into several types:
- A mixture showing the characteristics of two or more offspring. Mixtures may have some purebred ancestors, or may come from a long line of mixed descendants. These dogs are usually identified by their most similar races, such as "Lab mixes" or "Collie-Shepherds", even if their ancestors are unknown.
- Generic, or wild pigeon Canis lupus familiaris , in which non-selective breeding has occurred for generations. The term originally refers to an Indian wild dog, but now refers to dogs that belong to or come from wild or wild dog populations. Canaanite dogs are an example of a breed recognized with a pariah ancestor. Pariah dogs tend to be yellow to light brown and high and medium weight. This may represent the appearance of modern dog ancestors. DNA analysis shows pariah dogs have a gene pool that is more ancient than modern breeds.
- Functional Breed, which is a dog raised with the purpose of which its ancestors were not pure race, but was chosen by their appearance on a particular task. Examples are Alaskan Husky, Eurohound, and the Pointer/Greyhound mixture known as Greysters, which compete in skijoring and pulp, especially in Europe. Sometimes such functional breeds become accepted as a breed over time.
Dog breeds are known by the name of the breed given to groups of dogs that look similar in most characteristics and have reliable documented offspring. But in recent years many owners and breeders of crossbreeding dogs identified them - often with slick faces - by created names built from parts of parents' names. This is known as the portmanteau name and the resulting crosses as "designer dogs." For example, a cross between Peking and Poodle can be called Peekapoo. Another trendy cross is Goldendoodle, a cross between a standard poodle and a golden retriever.
In dog sports
Until the early 1980s, mixed dogs were usually excluded from obedience and other dog sports competitions. However, starting with the American Compound Obedence Registry (AMBOR) and Mixed Breed Dog Clubs of America (MBDCA), which creates a place of compliance in which race dogs can compete, more opportunities are open to all dogs in all dog sports.. Most dog and fly dog ​​organizations always allow mixed dogs to compete. Today, mixed breeds have proven their worth in many sports performance.
In conformity shows, where dogs' conformation to breed standards are evaluated, mixed dogs usually can not compete. For race dogs, their physical characteristics are assessed on the basis of a single breed standard. Dog breeds, however, are difficult to classify except according to height; there are tremendous variations in physical properties such as mantle, frame structure, gait, ear set, eye shape and color, and so on. When conformational standards are applied to mixed race dogs, as in events run by MBDCA, standards are usually a common feature of health, health, symmetry, and personality. The Kennel Club (UK) operates a show called Scruffts (a name derived from the prestigious Crufts show) open only to mixed breeds where dogs are judged by character, health, and temperament. Some kennel clubs, which aim to promote breed dogs, still exclude mixed breeds from their show appearances. AKC and FCI are the two leading organizations. While AKC allows mixed dogs to get their Canine Good Citizen award, mixed dogs are not allowed into AKC "all breed" events, although through their Canine Partners program, race dogs can be enrolled to compete. in AKC Agility, Obedience, and Rally events.
Health studies
Studies that have been done in the field of health indicate that the average mixed descendents are both healthier and longer-lived than their pure race relationship. This is because current breeding practices received in inherited communities result in the reduction of genetic diversity, and can produce physical characteristics that lead to health problems.
Studies have shown that cross-breed dogs possess a number of desirable reproductive traits. Scott and Fuller found that the castrated dogs were mothers superior to race mothers, producing more milk and providing better care. These gains lead to a decrease in mortality in the offspring of the raised dogs.
References
External links
- Media related to Mongrel on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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