Consumption of grapes and raisins presents potential health threats for dogs. Their toxicity to dogs can cause animals to have acute kidney injury (sudden development of renal failure) with anuria (lack of urine production). This phenomenon was first identified by the Center for Animal Poison Control (APCC), run by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). Approximately 140 cases were seen by APCC in one year from April 2003 to April 2004, with 50 developing symptoms and seven deaths.
It is not clear that the cases observed for kidney failure after swallowing were due to wine alone. Clinical findings show that the consumption of raisins and grapes can be fatal, but the mechanisms of toxicity are still considered unknown.
Video Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs
Causes and pathology
The reason why some dogs experience kidney failure after consuming grapes and raisins is unknown. The types of grapes involved include seedless and seed, store-bought and homegrown, and wine pressure from the winery. Mikotoxin is thought to be involved, but nothing is found in grapes or raisins that are digested by affected dogs. The dose-response relationship has not been determined, but one study estimates> = 3 g/kg for wine or raisins. The most common pathological finding is proximal renal tubular necrosis. In some cases, accumulation of unidentified golden gold pigments is found in renal epithelial cells.
Maps Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs
Clinical signs and diagnosis
Vomiting and diarrhea are often the first clinical sign of wine poisoning or raisins. They often develop within a few hours of swallowing. Pieces of grapes or raisins can be in vomit or feces. Further symptoms include weakness, no eating, increased drinking, and stomach upset. Acute kidney failure develops within 48 hours after ingestion. Blood tests may reveal increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, phosphorus, and calcium.
Treatment
Emesis (induction vomiting) is a treatment that is generally recommended if the dog has been eating wine or raisins in the last two hours. Veterinarians may use emetic such as apomorphine to cause dogs to vomit. Further treatment may involve the use of activated charcoal to absorb toxins remaining in the gastrointestinal tract and intravenous fluid therapy within the first 48 hours after consumption to induce diuresis and help prevent acute renal failure. Vomiting is treated with antiemetics and the stomach is protected from uremic gastritis (damage to the stomach due to increased BUN) with H 2 receptor antagonists. The levels of BUN, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium are closely monitored. Dialysis of blood (hemodialysis) and peritoneal dialysis can be used to support the kidneys if anuria develops. Oliguria (decreased urine production) can be treated with dopamine or furosemide to stimulate urine production.
The prognosis is maintained in dogs with symptoms of toxicosis. Negative prognosis is associated with oliguria or anuria, weakness, difficulty walking, and severe hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium levels).
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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