Many fungal species produce secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. This poison can be very harmful to humans and animals. The side effects of ingesting these toxic substances are called mycotoxicosis, which can be a variety of medical conditions. The most common fungi that produce mycotoxins include Fusarium , Aspergillus , and Penicillium .
Some other fungi known to produce mycotoxins include Claviceps and Alternaria .
Video Mycotoxins in animal feed
Effects on animals
There are six known mycotoxins that affect animals.
Maps Mycotoxins in animal feed
Effect on feed production
The most common mycotoxin is aflatoxin. It can be very carcinogenic in both humans and animals. Aflatoxin is produced by two species of Aspergillus, A. flavus and A. parasiticus, which are known to affect crops including cereal grains, figs, nuts -charges, and tobacco. Cereal grains are one of the main ingredients in animal feed. The animals most at risk of serious problems with aflatoxin are trout, ducks and pigs, while cattle are less risky.
Other animal feed products are grass and animals including cows, sheep, and horses eat a lot. Ergot alkaloids are associated with grasses produced in the Claviceps structure called sclerotia. Some conditions resulting from the consumption of ergot in animals include gangrene, abortion, seizures, hypersensitivity, and ataxia.
Fumonisins are the most recently discovered mycotoxins affecting humans and animals in a negative way. The most widely produced toxin for this group of fungi is fumonicin B1. Studies have shown that it can cause diseases such as sea horses leukoencephalomalacia in horses, hydrothorax and porcine pulmonary edema in pigs, and it can have a negative impact on the immune system.
Prevention of mycotoxins
Studies on mycotoxins show that there are three ways to prevent them from polluting the fungus. The first occurs before there is the possibility of fungal infection. The second is when the fungus starts to produce toxins. And the last way to prevent contamination is when the material is known to be heavily infected.
Other prevention methods include planting naturally occurring species against mycotoxins, proper fertilization, weed control, and proper crop rotation. The way plants are stored after harvest also plays an important role in keeping mycotoxins free. If too much water vapor then the fungus has a better chance to grow and produce mycotoxins. Along with the humidity levels, factors such as temperature, grain conditions, and chemical or biological presence can determine whether the fungus producing mycotoxins will grow or not.
Decontamination of fodder
There are several different methods used to remove mycotoxins from feed products. One way is to use adsorbents that bind with mycotoxins and pull them from the bait. Another method of feed decontamination is by the use of activated charcoal in the form of a porous insoluble powder that can bind with various harmful substances. Activated charcoal is often used to remove toxins or other poisoned poisoning.
Turkish X Disease
This disease is the turning point for long-term use of mycotoxins. In 1960, about 100,000 turkey chickens died near London, England for eating beans contaminated by Mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus. Studies show that the age group most affected is turkeys from two to twenty weeks. Some of the first signs of Turkish X are neurological and coma symptoms, which will result in death.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments