A baby (from the Latin infans , meaning "unable to speak" or "unable to speak") is a more formal or special synonym for " baby ", a very young child of a human being. The term can also be used to refer to adolescents from other organisms.
A newborn is, in everyday use, an infant who is only a few hours, days, or up to a month. In the medical context, a newborn or neonate (from Latin, neonatal , newborn) refers to the baby within the first 28 days after birth; this term applies to premature babies, full term, and postmature; before birth, the term "fetus" is used. The term "baby" is usually applied to young people between one month and one year; However, the definition may vary and may include children up to the age of two. When a human child learns to walk, the term "toddler" can be used instead.
In the UK, the baby school is for children between the ages of four and seven. As a legal term, "infancy" continues from birth to age 18.
Video Infant
Physical characteristics of newborn
Shoulders and hips are newborn width, belly slightly prominent, and arms and legs are relatively long against their entire body. In the first world countries, the average total length of newborns is 35.6-50.8 cm (14.0-20.0 inches), although premature infants may be much smaller. Apgar score is a transitional measure of newborns from the uterus during the first minute after birth.
Weight
In developed countries, the average birth weight of newborns is about 3.4 kg ( 7 2 / 2 lb), and usually in the range of 2.7-4.6 kg (6.0-10.1 pounds).
During the first 5-7 days after birth, the weight of the neonate decreases by 3-4%, and is largely the result of resorption and urination of fluids that initially fill the lungs, in addition to frequent delays several days before breastfeeding becomes effective. After the first week, babies have enough months to get 10-20 grams/day.
Head
The newborn's head is very large in proportion to the body, and the skull is very large compared to his face. While the adult human skull is about one-seventh of the total body length, the newborn is about Ã,¼. Normal head circumference for premature babies is 33-36 cm at birth. At birth, many areas of the baby's skull have not been converted to bone, leaving behind a "soft spot" known as the fontanel. The two largest are diamond-shaped anterior fontanels, located in the upper front of the head, and small triangular posterang fontanels, located behind the head. Then in the life of the child, these bones will join together in the natural process. The protein called noggin is responsible for the delay in the fusion of the baby's skull.
During labor and delivery, the baby's skull changes shape to fit through the birth canal, sometimes causing the child to be born with a defective or elongated head. It will usually return to normal within a few days or weeks. Special exercises that are sometimes suggested by a doctor can help the process.
Hair
Some newborns have subtle smooth hair called lanugo. It may be seen on the back, shoulders, forehead, ear and face of premature babies. Lanugo disappears in a few weeks. Infants may be born with full head hair; others, especially caucasian babies, may have very fine hair or may even be bald. Among white-skinned parents, these fine hairs may be blonde, even if the parents do not. The scalp can also bruise or temporary swelling, especially in newborns, and the area around the eyes may be swollen.
Skin
Immediately after birth, the newborn's skin is often grayish-blue to blackish. As soon as the baby starts breathing, usually within a minute or two, the skin tone will reach a normal tone. Newborns are wet, covered in blood lines, and coated with a white substance known as vernix caseosa, which is hypothesized to act as an antibacterial barrier. Newborns may also have Mongolian spots, various other birthmarks, or peeling skin, especially on the wrists, hands, ankles, and legs.
Genitals
Newborn genitals are enlarged and flushed, with baby boys having an enormous scrotum. Breasts can also be enlarged, even in baby boys. This is caused by maternal hormones that occur naturally and is a temporary condition. Women (and even men) may actually remove milk from their nipples (sometimes called witch milk), or bloody substances or like milk from the vagina. In both cases, this is considered normal and will disappear over time.
umbilical cord
The newborn baby's cord is bluish white. After birth, the umbilical cord is usually cut, leaving a 1-2-inch stub. The umbilical pieces will dry up, shrivel, darken, and spontaneously fall within about 3 weeks. This will become navel after heal. Occasionally, hospitals may apply triple dye to umbilical stubs to prevent infection, which may dye the stub's color and purple surrounding skin temporarily.
Maps Infant
Caring and feeding
Babies cry as a form of basic instinctive communication. A crying baby may try to express feelings including hunger, discomfort, overstimulation, boredom, want for something, or loneliness.
Breastfeeding is the method of feeding recommended by all major baby health organizations. If breastfeeding is not possible or undesirable, bottle feeding is done with breast milk or infant formula. Babies born with sucking reflexes allow them to extract milk from the nipples of the breast or baby's nipple, as well as the instinctive behavior known as rooting by which they search for the nipple.. Sometimes wet nurses are employed to feed babies, although this is rare, especially in developed countries.
Adequate consumption of food at an early age is essential for infant development. From birth to four months, infants should consume breast milk or milk substitutes that are not modified. As the baby's diet matures, finger foods can be introduced such as fruits, vegetables, and meats in small amounts.
As the baby grows, dietary supplements are added. Many parents choose commercial and ready-made baby food to supplement breast milk or formula milk for children, while others adjust their usual diet for their child's dietary needs. Whole beef milk can be used in one year, but low-fat milk is not recommended until the child is 2 to 3 years old. Weaning is the process by which breast milk is removed from a baby's diet through the introduction of solid foods instead of milk. Until they are trained in the toilets, babies in industrialized countries wear diapers. The transition from diapers to training pants is an important transition in infant/infant development with toddlers. Children need more sleep than adults - up to 18 hours for newborns, with declining rates during childhood. Until the baby learns to walk, they are carried in a hug, held by a sling or a baby carrier, or transported by pram or stroller. Most industrialized countries have laws that require child safety seats for infants in motor vehicles.
Response to voice
The baby responds to the sound of a sizzling snake, an angry voice of an adult, a rattling sound of fire, thunder, and other baby crying. They have a decrease in heart rate, their eyes flicker, increasing turns toward the speakers or parents, all this shows that they pay more attention. This is believed by some to be an evolutionary response to danger.
The benefits of touch
Studies have shown that infants who have become positive touch recipients experience more benefits as they develop emotionally and socially. Experiments have been performed with infants up to four months of age using both positive touches (caressing or embracing) and a negative touch (pinching, pinching or tickling). Infants who receive a positive touch are less likely to cry and also voiced and smiled more than negatively touched babies. Infants who are the recipients of a negative touch have been associated with later emotional and behavioral problems. A lower amount of physical violence in adults has been found in cultures with a greater positive physical touch rate.
Disease
Infants are undergoing many adaptations to extrauterine life, and their physiological systems, such as the immune system, are far from fully developed. Potential diseases of concern during the neonatal period include:
- Neonatal jaundice
- Infant respiratory distress syndrome
- Neonatal lupus erythematosus
- Neonatal conjunctivitis
- Tetanus neonatal
- Neonatal sepsis
- Neonatal bowel obstruction
- Benign neonatal seizures
- Diabetes melitus neonatal
- Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
- Neonatal herpes simplex
- Neonatal hemochromatosis
- Neonatal meningitis
- neonatal hepatitis
- Neonates hypoglycemia
Mortality
Infant mortality is infant mortality in the first year of life, often expressed as the number of deaths per 1000 live births (infant mortality). The main causes of infant death include dehydration, infections, congenital malformations and SIDS.
This epidemiological indicator is recognized as a very important measure of the level of health care in a country because it is directly related to the health status of infants, children, and pregnant women as well as access to medical care, socioeconomic conditions, and public health practices.
There is a positive relationship between national wealth and good health. The rich countries and industrialized nations of the world, Canada, Britain, the United States and Japan stand out, spending the most of their rich budget for health care systems. As a result, their health care system is highly sophisticated, with many doctors, nurses, and other health care specialists serving the population. Thus, the infant mortality rate is low. On the other hand, a country like Mexico, which spends less on health care, suffers a high mortality rate. This is because the general population tends to be less healthy. In the US, infant mortality rates are high in minority groups. For example, non-Hispanic black women have an infant mortality rate of 13.63 per 1000 live births whereas in non-Hispanic white women it is much lower at a rate of 5.76 per 1000 live births. The average infant mortality rate in the US is 6.8 per 1,000 live births.
Emotional development
The theory of attachment is primarily an evolutionary and ethical theory whereby infants or children seek proximity to the specified attachment in alarm or pressure situations for survival purposes. The formation of attachment is considered to be the basis of the infant/child capacity to form and conduct lifelong relationships. Attachments are not the same as love or affection even though they often go together. Behavioral attachment and attachment tend to develop between the ages of 6 months and 3 years. Babies become attached to sensitive and responsive adults in social interactions with infants, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some time. Parental responses lead to the development of a pattern of attachment, which in turn leads to an 'internal work model' that will guide the feelings, thoughts, and expectations of the individual in the relationship later. There are a number of 'style' attachments of 'style', 'anxious-ambivalent', 'anxious-avoidance', (all 'organized') and 'irregular', some of which are more problematic than others. Lack of attachment or serious disruption capacity for installation can potentially cause serious disruption.
Babies develop a different relationship with their mother, father, siblings, and non-family caregivers. In addition to the dyadic attachment relationship also good quality of triadic relationship (mother-father-baby) is essential for the development of mental health of the baby.
Baby Age
Babyhood is a critical period in personality development when the foundations of the adult personality are laid. In contrast toddlers are used to show babies who have achieved relative independence, in moving, and eating.
Airplane journey
Many airlines refuse boarding for all babies under 7 days (for domestic flights) or 14 days for international flights. Asiana Airlines allows babies to board international flights at 7 days. Garuda Indonesia forbids all infants under 14 days to board any flights.
Delta Air Lines and Pinnacle Airlines allow babies to travel when they are less than 7 days when they give a doctor's travel approval letter. Comair needs a letter if the baby is 12 days or younger. Skywest will not allow babies under 8 days old.
Gallery
General maintenance issues
References
Further reading
External links
- The American Academy of Pediatrics
- The impact of buggy orientation on parent-baby interactions and baby stress
- World Health Report 2005 - Make Every Mom and Child
- Infant Vision - University of Illinois
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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