Trap-neuter-return

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Trap-neuter-return ( TNR ) is a type of program through which free-range cat is trapped, sterilized (can not reproduce by simple operation - castrated male, or less frequently performing a vasectomy, and women undergoing ovo-hysterectomy), then return to the outside location where they are found. If the location is deemed unsafe or inappropriate, the cat may be relocated (the cage/farmhouse is often considered ideal). Kittens young enough to be socialized and friendly adult cats can be placed in shelters or raised for home adoption as animal companions rather than returning to the open. Cats found to be terminal illnesses, untreatable and/or infectious diseases are often euthanized. The name variant is trap-neuter/spay-return (TNSR).

TNR is the most widely applied method of managing cat populations. The main objective of the TNR program is the reduction of wild cat populations; Other purposes may include but are not limited to increased adoption rates, improved cat health, improved quality of life for cats, and improved human-cat interactions.

TNR is sometimes described as trap-neuter-release , changing the last word of the acronym. These words seem to be the first versions of the TNR acronym. The word "back" emphasizes that the wildest cat is returned to its original location under the program. Other variations of the acronym include TNVR (trap-neuter-vaccination-return), TNRM (neuter-release-maintain trap) where "nourish", generally means caregivers feeding and monitoring wild cats after them returned to their territory, and TTVAR (trap-test-vaccinate-alter-release). TVHR (trap-vasectomize/hysterectomize-release), related acronyms, refers to different cat population management methods, although the underlying meaning of the words used is the same.

Video Trap-neuter-return

History

U.K.

The earliest documented practice of re-wetting in the 1950s, led by animal activist Ruth Plant in England In the mid-1960s, the former model Celia Hammond gained publicity for his TNR's work "when euthanasia of a stray cat is regarded as one only option ". Hammond "fought in many battles with local authorities, hospitals, environmental health departments" but declared that he had been successful over the years in showing that control "can be achieved by neutering and not killing".

In 1975, Ruth Plant founded the Cat Action Trust to help stray cats use TNR. From 1978 to 1979, biologist Roger Tabor charted the distribution of 153 known wild cat colonies in central London, some managed by the Cat Action Trust.

In 1980, the Federation of Universities for Animal Welfare (UFAW) hosted the first international scientific symposium on the "Ecology and Control of the Wild Cats" in London, where the experience of TNR in England and Denmark was documented. The symposium was considered an "incident in the watershed" where attitudes toward stray cats began to shift toward a humane treatment. In 1982, UFAW published a booklet promoting TNR: Wild Cats: Suggestions for Control .

Cat Action Trust reports that thousands of wild cats have been castrated in the following years. In 1986, Hammond founded the Celia Hammond Animal Trust to continue his work with stray cats, tame and reshaped hundreds of wild kittens every year; and offers low cost neutering, which by 2014 is reported to have sterilized nearly 400,000 cats.

In 2008, the Scottish Wildcat Association began using trap-neuter-return as a way to prevent hybridization between wildcat and Scottish wildcats endangered locally as part of the Wildcat Haven project. By 2014 they announce more than 250 square miles of wildcat remote habitats are now effectively wild cats free through neutering wild populations, farm cats and pets with support from local communities and local welfare groups.

Italy

Soon after visiting Venice, Italy, in 1965, Helena Sanders and Raymonde Hawkins started a program offering animal assistance, often for sterilization, to help cat sitter there. After the initial resistance of the local animal protection community, the castration scheme for city cats was accepted in many parts of Italy. The cats in Venice and Rome became famous as a result of the publicity given to their sterilization programs. Since 1988, killing wild cats has been illegal in the Latium Region, which includes Rome. Since August 1991, wild cats have been protected throughout Italy when no killing policies were introduced for cats and dogs. Wild cats have the right to live freely and can not be removed from their colony; cat sitter can be officially registered; and the TNR method is outlined in national pet management laws.

Denmark

TNR was practiced in Denmark in the mid-1970s, as reported at the 1980 UFAW symposium in London. The Cat Protection Society of Denmark developed the practice of tattooing and stuck out the ears of castrated cats to identify them.

South Africa

In the mid-1970s, Louise Holton worked with Johannesburg SPCA on TNR programs in the city. In 1991, Adele Joffe founded Friends of the Cat, a TNR organization in Johannesburg. Holton continues to assist wild cats in South Africa as part of his outreach efforts with Alley Cat Rescue, founded in 2001.

French

In 1977, Michel Cambazard began advocating for a free-living cat at Montmartre Cemetery in Paris, where the cats were routinely injected. In 1978, the city issued the Declaration of the Rights of the Cats of Life. That year, Cambazard founded ÃƒÆ' Ã¢ â‚¬ Â° cole du Chat and TNR'd his first cat, continuing to help thousands of cats in the following years.

United States

TNR back to the late 1960s in the US. In about 1970, a group in Ocean County, New Jersey started its effort. In 1984, AnnaBelle Washburn introduced TNR to Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.

In 1989, Nathan Winograd and others formed the Stanford Cat Network to help about 1,500 cats at Stanford University in California, perhaps in the first formal TNR program on US campus. In 15 years, the population at Stanford University dropped to 85 cats. In 1990, other groups also practiced TNR in Idaho, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Colorado.

In 1990, Louise Holton and Becky Robinson found an alley with 56 cats and two small colonies in Washington, D.C., and castrated all the cats. Overwhelmed by requests for help, and concerned about cats routinely killed by animal control agents and shelters, Holton and Robinson founded Alley Cat Allies. They developed extensive educational materials, and organized a national conference starting in 1994. They started the Feral Friends Network, which has global reach. The organization grew to 500,000 supporters and more than 40 staff by 2014. Holton left in 2001 to find Alley Cat Rescue.

In the 1990s, a number of programs to help stray cats began:

In 1992, the San Diego Wild Coalition Coalition developed the first high volume wild cat sterilization program, where up to 150 cats were sterilized in one day with the help of volunteer veterinarians and other volunteers. Other communities followed, including Catnip Operations in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1997, and Operation Catnip in Alachua County, Florida in 1998.
In 1993, led by Richard Avanzino, the San Francisco SPCA started the Wild Cats Help Program, offering sterilization, advice, and free supplies to cat sitter. This program is one of several reforms to create a community without killing.
In 1994, PetSmart Charities began providing grants for sterilization programs for free-roading cats and other animals; the organization's website states in 2014 that more than 2 million spay or neuter surgery have been funded.
In 1995, Doris Day Animal League (DDAL) created the first annual "Spay Day USA" on the last Tuesday of every February, which continues to help many wild cats and other animals as World Spay Day after the DDAL merger with the Humanist Society of the United States in 2006.
In 1998, the Oregon Feral Cat Coalition bought a mobile clinic, which in August 2014 had been castrated by 70,000 cats.
In 1999, Maddie's Fund, the family foundation of Dave Duffield and his wife Cheryl, began providing grants for the eradication of large-scale wild cats. Between July 1999 and May 2002, 170,000 cats were castrated by more than 1,000 veterinary members of the California Veterinary Association in a $ 12 million project. Other programs were added, such as low cost sterilization, and research on residential medicine; with the aim of helping to build a country without killing.

In Palm Beach County, Florida, a project called Countdown to Zero (C2Z), Project Catsnip is organized as a collaboration between government agencies, businesses, volunteers and residents working together to end the euthanasia of stray cats in the community through sterilization/TNR. Together, communities use this approach to achieve their goal of zero euthanized cats in the county.

On October 16, 2001, Alley Cat Allies created the first annual National Cat Day on the 10th anniversary of its merger "to raise awareness about stray cats, promote a neutral-trap, and recognize the millions of compassionate Americans who care about them. ". This event has attracted international participants.

In 2001, under the leadership of Nathan Winograd, Tompkins County, New York became the first killer community in the US, "saving 100 percent healthy and treatable animals, and 100 percent of wild cats". In Equation Not Kill, a "road map to not kill" developed by Winograd, TNR is one of the important elements. Many communities follow this strategy in subsequent years.

In 2008, a grant from the Best Friends Animal Society supported the Freedom Feral program in Jacksonville, Florida, which saw the final killing of wild and wild cats in the city. The program, conceived by Rick Ducharme of First Coast No More Homeless Pets, "has a wild cat trapped by the Jacksonville Animal Control passes the shelter completely to be neutered or castrated and returned to the location where they are trapped." Similar programs are being implemented in Albuquerque, New Mexico, DeKalb County, Georgia, San Antonio, Texas, Baltimore, Maryland, Salt Lake City, Utah, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and many other communities.

TNR's efforts in the US are also in conflict. Traditional shelters disagree with TNR, including the Humane Society of the United States, which then reversed its position. The majority of traditional shelters keep sleeping wild cats. Wildlife groups such as the American Bird Conservancy blame cats for the large number of bird population reductions in the US, and in 1997 embarked on an "indoor cat" campaign. TNR has gained increased support over the years.

Greek

In the 1980s, the Greek Animal Welfare Fund initiated the wetting of wild cats in Athens, backed by individuals in Britain. The organization continues to be active, organizing mass drives that castrate for stray cats in Athens in October 2014.

Virgin Xda

In 1986, AnnaBelle Washburn worked with Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine to sterilize wild cats in Virgin Gorda in the British Virgin Islands, "in one of the earliest partnerships between veterinary and grassroots organizations to raise many wild cats."

Canada

The most famous TNR effort in Canada is at Cat Sanctuary of Parliament Hill in the state capital, Ottawa, Ontario, where cats were hired for pest control until 1955. Various people fed the remaining cats until 1970, when Irene Desormeaux started feeding them ultimately the location of the colony. In the mid-1980s, Rene Chartrand built a wooden house for cats and helped take care of them, taking over when Desormeaux died in 1987. In 1997 another volunteer joined, and the structure was rebuilt. In the brutal winter, "the cats survived incredibly hugging four or five at once inside the condo". However, castration of all cats occurs only in the last ten to fifteen years of sanctuary operations. In 2013, the colony was closed when the last four cats were adopted to the house.

In 1989, Carol Reichert founded the Richmond Animal Sanctuary Institute (then Kitten Homeless Richmond), to help the stray cat in Richmond, British Columbia. Soon 43 food stations were treated in Richmond and South Vancouver. In 1999, space was donated for shelter, which became Canada's largest cat sanctuary, including a room for cats with AIDS cat and cat leukemia. The organization works to spay and clean many animals and work to prevent pets from entering the shelter. Determined to "end unnecessary euthanasia", the organization made a successful bid for urban animal control contracts, and in 2007, "implemented a no-murder policy for animals regardless of age, medical needs or adoption".

In 2000, Maria Soroski and Karen Duncan founded the Canadian Orphan Cat Rescue Association (VOKRA) in Vancouver, British Columbia. They initially plan to care for very young kittens, especially those who feed the bottles, which rarely survive if found without a mother cat. They soon discover that older kittens will be better in nurturing, and then enter cat mothers, both docile and wild. Treatments given to wild cats include taking care of pregnant women who are pregnant through birth and until their kittens are weaned. By 2014, the organization has grown to over 350 orphanages that help 1,800 cats each year. Soroski said they had "virtually eliminated the wild cat colonies in Vancouver and Burnaby", and recently started the same job at Surrey.

In 2005, Pierre Filitreault began assisting wild cats at the Halifax shipyard, Nova Scotia at the Canadian Armed Forces base. Disappointed with what happened to the two hungry kittens he brought to the shelter, he created the TNR program, forming Pierre's Alley Cat Society in 2007. The Department of National Defense pays for cats to be castrated.

Hong Kong

In 2000, SPCA Hong Kong started the TNR program, called the Cat Colony Care Program (CCCP), in Hong Kong. By 2014, the organization's website reported euthanasia reductions of 40,000 cats in 1963 to 5,000 cats annually.

Japanese

In the 1990s the TNR program began in Shiga Prefecture by Susan Roberts and David Wybenga of the Japan Cat Network (JCN). JCN has also helped with other TNR programs.

Maps Trap-neuter-return

Methodology

At the beginning of TNR work, some groups performed routine tests for cat leukemia virus (FeLV) and cat immunodeficiency virus (FIV) prior to neutering surgery. This practice is no longer recommended, due to issues such as unreliable results, high testing costs, and low incidence of viruses.

Step by Step Guide: Trap-Neuter-Return - YouTube

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Controversy

TNR is supported by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) as "the most humane, effective and sustainable financial strategy to control a free-spirited cat population" and "the only proven humane and effective method of managing cat colonies wild ". The Humane Society of the United States also supports the community-based TNR program with "responsible and sustainable management as the most active long-term approach available today to reduce wild cat populations". The American Humane Association is another TNR supporter. In Canada, the Canadian Federation of Human Societies supports TNR, stating that the care of stray cats "is the responsibility of the community" because their wild nature is the result of human negligence. The British Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) supports "trapping and castration of wild cats where local charities have the capacity to do so". Supporters around the world include the World Animal Foundation, based in Oneida, Kentucky, and the International Companionship Management Coalition.

North American wildlife organizations including the American Bird Conservancy and The Wildlife Society are opposed to TNR. They debate their effectiveness in reducing wild cat populations, and claim that free-spirited cats are responsible for much of the decline in bird populations over the past few years, killing 1.4 to 3.7 billion birds annually in the US. Instead of TNR, they recommend that free-ranging cats be taken to local animal shelters. The Wildlife Society "supports [s] and encourages the abolition of wild cat populations, including wild cat colonies, through adoption into homes only in eligible cat chambers and human euthanasia from inoperable cats".

Supporters of TNR cons that predation cats are on the rise. They argue that removing wild cats en masse can harm the environment and even the birds; lull a healthy inhuman cat, and even more expensive to public officials than TNR; and the research and experience of TNR shows that the population of community cats has indeed declined. In the UK, the Royal Society for Protection of Birds states that there is no evidence that cat predation "affects bird populations across Britain".

Alley Cat Allies | Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR)

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Legal issues

The legal status of community cats varies from one location to another.

Italy

Since 1988, killing wild cats has been illegal in Rome, Italy, and the Latium Territory that includes Rome. Since August 1991, wild cats have been protected throughout Italy when no killing policies were introduced for cats and dogs. Wild cats have the right to live freely and can not be moved from their colony, and cat sitter can be officially registered. The TNR method is outlined in national pet management laws.

AS

In a legal summary of January 2013, Alley Cat Allies found that at least 240 municipalities or districts in the US have enacted regulations that support TNR; a tenfold increase from 2003. New Jersey, California, and Texas have the highest number of local ordinances. The neighborhood cat in New York City found local rules in 24 states. Model modes are available from Neighborhood Cats, Alley Cat Allies, and No Kill Advocacy Center. Many US communities with beneficial procedures against TNRs are described in the list of governments that support the trap-neuter-return.

Sometimes governments are required to try to block their TNR efforts. In December 2010, an order was granted to prevent any planned TNR program in Los Angeles City until environmental reviews were completed under the California Environmental Quality Act. The judge does not decide on any environmental issues or prohibits other organizations from doing TNR in the city.

Sometimes nanny cats have been prosecuted for treating stray cats, where local regulations do not allow their activities:

In 2013, the Virginia Supreme Court found excessive zoning regulations when Henrico County commissioned Susan Mills to care for stray cats, which the District believed were not an activity allowed under zoning. A circus court judge had ordered him to stop feeding the cat, but part of the decision was unworkable.
In 2012, the 78-year-old Dawn Summers was sentenced for community service to be hoarded, as he fed up to 27 community cats in a colony managed in an approved city program in Biloxi, Mississippi. Alley Cat Allies criticized the decision, stating that community cats should not be considered to be owned by a nanny.
In 2011, the indictment against Danni Joshua of Vandercook Lake, Michigan for "allowing animals to escape" was fired when he agreed to make his colonies of 15-20 cats moved.

Sometimes opponents of wild cats are sued for trying to hurt or kill a cat or kitten that is against the animal protection law:

In December 2011, wildlife biologist Nico DauphinÃƒÆ'Ã‚ Â© received a probation sentence for trying to kill a wild cat with rat poison in Washington, D.C.
In 2007, Jim Stevenson was tried for shooting a cat from a colony in Galveston County, Texas. Stevenson watched the colony cat hunt pongvers of endangered pipe in the area. The trial resulted in a jury being hanged due to differences in law stating that animal ownership should be proven, a problem that has been resolved.

Allie Phillips, director of the National Center for the Prosecution of Animal Torture, states that wild and wild cats are often considered unsympathetic, and less worthy of the legal protection they think they deserve.

Canada

The city of Toronto, Ontario, has incorporated TNR in its animal services for several years, and issued regulations specifically addressing TNR in 2013. Toronto Animal Services offers clinics for neutral and neutral for wild cats, and members of the Toronto Wild Coalition. Other governments in Canada with laws or policies that support TNR are described in the list of governments that support the trap-neuter-return.

Less positive was Merritt, a British Columbia official, when in January 2012, a law officer removed the cat food and asked the Royal Canadian Royal Police to consider criminal allegations against those who feed the community cats. One writer complained that "Taking food, especially in the dead winters only exacerbates the problem by encouraging cats to search for food in a wider area, and finally, famine can occur, which again is considered a waiver, and can certainly worsen the reputation of the City. "There is no fee charged, but the rescue group's business license is revoked and forced to move from its store location.

Crime Law

In Canada, it is a violation under the Criminal Code to intentionally cause unnecessary pain, suffering or injury to animals. The poisoning animals are specifically prohibited. It is also a violation to threaten to harm other people's animals. Most provinces and regions also have their own animal protection laws.

Fixin' Feral Felines - DeKalb, Illinois - TRAP NEUTER RETURN

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Rationale and effectiveness of TNR

Population decreases over time

Long-term studies have shown that TNR is effective in stopping reproduction and reducing the population over time. An eleven-year study of the TNR program at the University of Central Florida achieved a 66% reduction in population, from 68 cats in 1996 (when the first census was completed after several traps); to 23 cats in 2002. No new kittens were born after 1995, and new stray or abandoned cats were neutered or adopted into the home. However, it is important to realize that this population reduction is primarily from adoption (47%) and euthanasia (11%), or only cats no longer live in locations with their unknown (15%), and not from "releasing" cats back to the situation in which they were found.

A ten-year study of 103 colonies in Rome, Italy showed a decrease in colonies from 16% to 32%, with the highest number for colonies castrated 6 years before the study began. However, Natoli concludes that "It shows that all efforts without effective education from people to control the reproduction of a home cat (as a precaution to be abandoned) are a waste of money, time and energy." Decreased populations are expected when at least 71% to 94% of cats are castrated. TNR supporters also often cite large-scale programs in 103 cat colonies in Rome. Traps and sterilization decrease the population of 55 colonies of cats there, while the other 48 colonies get the population or remain the same.

In many cases, TNR has caused the colonies to close when the last remaining cat dies or is adopted. In the US, the TNR program at Stoke Mandeville Hospital ends with all the castrated outer cats, with no one coming to replace them. TNR's efforts at Fitzroy Square in London in the late 1970s resulted in a colony ending in 1990 with all dead cats. The Parliament Hill cat sanctuary in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, closed in January 2013, when four remaining cats were adopted into homes. One colony has become extinct and the other is approaching extinction within two years, in a study of 12 rural colonies in North Carolina.

TNR efforts may be hampered if the location of the colony is published. An early 2003 study by Castillo of two colonies at the popular public park in Miami-Dade County, Florida revealed that a highly visible and well-fed cat colony attracts an additional illegal waiver of cats, including many kittens and females with children. Despite special efforts to trap and remove newcomers and trap the existing cats, there was a slight increase in population from 81 to 88 cats over the year studied. Community strategies to reduce neglect in general include providing low costs for spay and castration for cats owned; improve pet retention programs, and expand the protection of animals without killing.

Improved results for cats: Live vs. die

The typical result for wild cats taken to traditional shelters that do not practice no killing protection is euthanasia. This is often the result for wild cats that are shy or even friendly as well; a study identified euthanasia in the shelter as the leading cause of cat death.

Since Santa Clara County, California began TNR in 2011, the county reported that "Thanks to this program, shelters experience a 15% reduction in cat intake and a 65% reduction in cat euthanasia." In the TNR program in Orange County, Florida, the number of euthanized cats dropped by 18% in the six-year period following the initiation of TNR.

In September 2014, Johnson County, Indiana officials reported greater satisfaction for saving the lives of hundreds of healthy cats in the first year of the program. "We do not kill cats.... Not killing healthy animals is always the right thing to do."

Improved results for cats: Quality of life

The TNR program improves the welfare of cats involved in many ways. They prevent the birth of a kitten, who will face the risk of premature death in the wild. Adult female cats are no longer burdened with repetitive cycles of childbirth and caring for kittens while fending off on their own. Medical conditions such as infections, dental problems, and lice treatments are attended when cats are castrated. Spay and castration also increase their life expectancy; the cats are no longer affected by certain cancers, and the chances of getting hit by a car or getting injured in a fight are greatly reduced.

When the program provides wild kittens to be socialized and adopted, and for the friendly cats to be adopted, the welfare of the cats is enhanced. Cats that return to their original location are fed, monitored and received ongoing care from caregivers; including being trapped again if further medical needs arise. Their health increases markedly, as they gain weight after being castrated, while having plenty of opportunities to exercise. One study showed that although TNR "may not meet the gold standard of care desired for pet cats, it appears that sterilized wildcat can enjoy a long period of good quality of life".

Fewer complaints

Cats that castrate make them impossible to wander, spray urine and fight; resulting in fewer complaints. After starting the TNR program in December 1995, Orange County, Florida received fewer complaints about cats, even after expanding the definition of a nuisance complaint. TNR Program in Texas A & amp; M University in 1998-2000 produced fewer complaints, suggesting that the remaining cats were less disturbing than ever.

Cost savings

While cats that castrate are more expensive, lull them more expensive. In Orange County, Florida, the average cost of foreclosures and cat euthanasia is $ 139; while the average operating cost was $ 56. With 7,903 wildcat castrated for more than 6 years starting in December 1995, the country saved $ 656,000.

In Port Orange, Florida, the TNR program that begins in 2013 in the city's business district produces fewer wild cats and saved money. In the first year, 214 cats sterilized for $ 13,000, which is much smaller than the $ 50,000 spent in 2010, when most circumcised cats have died of pests. It is estimated more than $ 123,000 saved because it does not have to imprison the kittens that now spay.

Moral and improved public support

The TNR program can gain stronger public support than programs that produce euthanasia. In 2007, Alley Cat Allies commissioned a survey by Harris Interactive, which found that Americans strongly (81%) consider it more humane to leave a stray cat outside to live their lives than having cats caught and killed. The number is still high (72%) if the person knows that the cat will die when hit by a car within two years (though the chances of getting hit by the car are much less when cats are castrated.)

In a London area hospital in England, patients refused attempts to trap wild cats for euthanasia, but were very interested in the TNR program; even offering to pay veterinary fees out of their own allowance. The TNR program at San Quentin State Prison in California, replacing the practice of lulling 100 to 250 cats each year, benefits both prisoners and staff, including "less violence and tension and is able to model" associations "with other species and individuals.

In Orange County, Florida, the TNR program that began in December 1995 enhanced the morale of everyone involved; citizens "who previously felt overwhelmed by the dilemma of the stray cats they see in their neighborhood are now feeling empowered and able to make a difference in the lives of these cats". At the same time, county animal service staff and concerned citizens about cats are described as seeing each other "with new perspectives and insights, not as enemies".

Alternative not effective and inhumane

Not doing anything can cause the number of wild cats to increase. A study of six colonies managed in rural North Carolina showed a 36% population decline over two years, while three control colonies without TNR increased by an average of 47%. Furthermore, animal welfare issues such as the high mortality rate of kittens continue to occur. One study showed that "While it is still fairly common, this is not a responsible or constructive option."

Removal is an alternative to TNR controlling their population. Eradication programs "often take years to reach and hundreds of working hours and only succeed in closed populations where no new cats can arrive". Furthermore, the methods used often involve poisoning, shooting, hunting, and other methods considered to be animal cruelty in many North American jurisdictions. Cat traps and removal by euthanasia have been used in many communities, but almost never result in permanent decline in cat populations. "It is very difficult to remove any cat in a particular location, and most of the sites are not isolated enough to prevent the migration of new cats into the ecological vacuum created by cat displacement.If there is enough food and shelter, new cats will move from nearby areas, and survivors of the disappearance program will continue to reproduce until the maximum bearing capacity has been achieved. "Many local and sub-national governments have turned to TNR as a more effective and humane approach to controlling wild cat populations.

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Effects on wildlife

The controversial trap-neuter-return approach. Many wildlife organizations and bird advocates have argued that TNR did nothing to counter the possibility that wild cat predation could threaten endangered species. The TNR group stated that the effects of habitat destruction were caused by irresponsible human development and not by wild cat colonies.

Longcore et al. found that wild cats endanger wildlife in the continents and islands, and that there are instances of extinction cases of birds from stray cats on the islands. Their paper also argues that fragmented ecosystems near urban areas are similar to those of the island and are more susceptible to wild cat damage, and that wildcat in urban areas also pose significant risks to migratory birds. The authors argue that wild cats are exotic and do not fill existing niches and significantly feed cats significantly impact on wildlife. This article details the population and comparative studies of malignant cats roaming wildly and freely in birds and other wildlife. However, longer and more detailed research needs to be done on this subject. The authors also argue that wild cats act as vectors for diseases that can affect domestic cats, wildlife and humans, for example including cat leukemia virus, cat immunodeficiency virus, lice and ear mites (also carried by canines and wildlife), worms mines, roundworms, Bartonella , Rickettsia Coxiella and Toxoplasma gondii , and the fecal matter has also been shown to decrease water quality..

In Britain, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds states that there is no scientific evidence that cat predation "affects bird populations across Britain." It may be surprising, but millions of birds die naturally every year, mainly through hunger, disease, or other predatory forms.There is evidence that cats tend to take weak or sickly birds... Species of birds that have experienced the most serious population decline in the UK (such as skylarks, sparrows and corn buntings "rarely meet cats, so cats can not cause the decline. that this decline is usually caused by changes or loss of habitat, especially on farmland. "This evidence despite the common practice in the UK allows access to cats outdoors, which are advised to prevent obese cats, and behavioral problems and other health problems arising from confinement pressure.

US biologist Roger Tabor states that "studies from around the world have found that cats catch relatively few birds compared to small mammals". In addition, the city cat has a smaller range; in his research, Tabor found "the average annual catch of average London cat being two goods, not fourteen village cats". Tabor commented on some cat-stalking challenges for cats: "From a cat's point of view, birds not only play unfairly by flying and have eyes that can see behind their heads but they can positively cheat by using loud noises, alarm calls and discard chance of cats catching others. "

However, this study has limited applicability to North American birds and wildlife. Cats are a pet species that does not exist in North and South America before European contact.

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References

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External links

"Guidelines for the Management of the Human Population of Cats" - the report of the International Companion's Animal Management Coalition to help governments around the world handle the population of cats in a humane way, including TNR.
"Alley Cat Allies" - The website offers a variety of links and publications with practical information about TNR and community cats; for veterinarians, shelters and community members.
"How to Help Wild Cats: A Step-by-Step Guide to Trap-Neuter-Return" - Many practical tips on TNR, prepared by Alley Cat Allies in 2009 and updated in 2002.
"Cat & Environmental Resource Center" - Cat and wildlife science (especially birds), setting up a straight record, link to resources provided by Alley Cat Allies.
"Environmental Cats" - The TNR organization in New York City provides many online resources and also about TNR and community cats: news updates, tools, webinars, videos, legal info: "TNR Procedures Models are now available from Cat- Cat Neighbors "; The TNR handbook (link below).
"Neighborhood Cats TNR Handbook: A Guide to Trap-Neuter-Return for Feral Cat Caretaker", 2nd ed.; Bryan Kortis, et al., Neighborhood Cats Inc., 2013. Comprehensive guide to TNR, 162 pages. The copyright license terms allow free printing and redistribution except in New York City, where a copy must be obtained directly from Neighborhood Cats Inc.
"Feline Shelter Intake Reduction Program Questions" - Maddie Institute, January 2013 article on community cats. Another article about wild cats: "Feral/Community Cats Articles". The organization based in Pleasanton, California, supports research to help wild cats and shelter animals, and provides funding for the TNR and spay/neuter programs.
"What You Can Do to Help a Wild Cat", Humane Society of the United States, July 3, 2013, accessed June 20, 2014. Resources for individuals, organizations, and public officials.
"Feral Cats FAQ", ASPCA, accessed June 20, 2014. Extensive resources, answering questions from stray cats, how to keep a stray cat out of my yard, how can I become a colony keeper, and more.
"Vox Felina", blog "Provides critical analysis of claims made in the name of science by those opposed to wild/free-roaming cats and neutral-return traps"
Neuter Return Trap Information, TNR from Stray Cat Alliance, an organization based in Los Angeles, California.
"Alley Cat Rescue" Some links about wild cats and TNR topics from organizations based in Mount Ranier, Maryland.
"What Is Trap-Neuter-Return" - Animal Coalition in Tampa's Project Spay Day.
ca-r-ma.org, a Canadian organization that builds TNR through a community-based affiliate group system throughout the Maritime Province.
What is Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR)? - TNR Info by Forgotten Cats, Inc., from Greenville, Delaware.
Information on Managed Cat Colonies and TNR - TNR criticism by the American Bird Conservancy.
"Wildcat Haven" - The project successfully used TNR to preserve Scottish wildcats from hybridization with stray cats.

Source of the article : Wikipedia

Trap-neuter-return

Selasa, 12 Juni 2018