Sexually transmitted infections ( STI ), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases ( STD ) or ( VD ), is an infection that is generally spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal, anal and oral sex. Many times the IMS initially does not cause symptoms. This results in a greater risk of continuing the disease to others. Symptoms and signs of the disease may include whitish, penile droppings, ulcers in or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. STIs can be passed on to infants before or during labor and may result in poor outcomes for infants. Some STIs can cause problems with the ability to conceive.
More than 30 different bacteria, viruses and parasites can be transmitted through sexual activity. Bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. STI viruses include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts. STI parasites include trichomoniasis. Although usually spread through sex, some STIs can be spread by non-sexual contact with donor tissue, blood, breastfeeding, or during labor. STI diagnostic tests are usually readily available in developed countries, but this is often not the case in developing countries.
The most effective way to prevent STIs is by not having sex. Some vaccinations can also reduce the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV. Safer sex practices such as condom use, having fewer sexual partners, and being in a relationship where everyone only has sex with others also reduces the risks. Male circumcision may be effective in preventing some infections. During school, comprehensive sex education can also be useful. Most STIs can be treated or cured. Of the most common infections, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis can be cured, while herpes, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, and HPV can be treated but can not be cured. Resistance to certain antibiotics develops among several organisms such as gonorrhea.
By 2015, about 1.1 billion people have STIs other than HIV/AIDS. About 500 million are infected with either syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia or trichomoniasis. There are at least 530 million people who have genital herpes and 290 million women have papillomavirus in humans. STIs other than HIV produce 108,000 deaths by 2015. In the United States there are 19 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections in 2010. The historical documentation of STI dates back to at least the Ebers papyrus around 1550 BC and the Old Testament. There is often a sense of embarrassment and stigma associated with this infection. The term sexually transmitted infection is generally preferred over sexually transmitted diseases or venereal disease , because it includes those without symptomatic disease.
Video Sexually transmitted infection
Classification
Until the 1990s, STIs were commonly known as venereal disease, venereal words derived from the Latin word venereus, and meanings related to sexual intercourse or desire, which ultimately came from of Venus. , the Roman goddess of love. STI is subtly referred to as "blood disease" and "social ills" in the past.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended more inclusive terms of sexually transmitted infections since 1999. Public health officials initially introduced the term sexually transmitted infections , which are increasingly being used by term physicians sexually transmitted diseases to distinguish them from the first.
Maps Sexually transmitted infection
Signs and symptoms
Not all STIs are symptomatic, and their symptoms may not appear immediately after infection. In some cases, the disease may be carried without symptoms, leaving a greater risk of continuing the disease to others. Depending on the illness, some untreated STIs can cause infertility, chronic pain or even death.
The presence of STIs in preteen children may indicate sexual harassment.
Cause
Transmission
Sexually transmitted infections present in pregnant women may be forwarded to the baby before or after birth.
The risks and possible transmission of sexually transmitted diseases are summarized by acting in the table:
Bacteria
- Chancroid ( Haemophilus ducreyi )
- Chlamydia ( Chlamydia trachomatis )
- Gonorrhea ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae ), colloquially known as "tap"
- Granuloma inguinale or ( Klebsiella granulomatis )
- Mycoplasma genitalium
- Mycoplasma hominis
- Syphilis ( Treponema pallidum )
- utreaplasma infection
Mushrooms
- Candidiasis (yeast infection) Virus
- Viral hepatitis (Hepatitis B virus) - saliva, genital fluid (Note: Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, Hepatitis C is rarely sexually transmitted, and the route of transmission of Hepatitis D (only if infected B) is uncertain, but may include sexual transmission.) Herpes simplex (Herpes simplex virus 1, 2) skin and mucosa, can be transmitted with or without visible abrasions
- HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus ) - genital fluids, semen, breast milk, blood
- HPV ( Human Papillomavirus ) - skin and mucosal contact. High-risk 'HPV' types cause almost all cervical cancers, as well as some anal, penile, and vulvar cancers. Several other types of HPV cause genital warts.
- Molluscum contagiosum (molluscum contagiosum MCV virus) - close contact
- Flea crabs, colloquially known as "crabs" or "pubic lice" ( Pthirus pubis ) Infestations and accompanying inflammation are pubic pediculosis
- Scabies ( Sarcoptes scabiei )
- Trichomoniasis ( Trichomonas vaginalis ), colloquially known as "trich"
- Marburg virus - A virus in semen for seven weeks after clinical recovery.
- HTLV (both types 1 and 2) - Sexually transmitted, breastfeeding breastfeeding, and have been mistaken as HIV, the risk of leukemia.
- Do not put the condom too tightly on the end by leaving 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) space for ejaculation. Placing a condom comfortably can lead to failure.
- Wearing a condom too loose can overcome a barrier
- Avoiding the inverted or spilled condoms used, whether ejaculation in them or not
- If a user tries to unroll the condom, but realizes that they have it on the wrong side, then this condom may be ineffective
- Be careful with condoms when handling with long nails
- Avoid using oil-based lubricants (or anything with oil in them) with latex condoms, because oil can eat holes into them
- Use a scented condom for oral sex only, since sugar in spices can cause yeast infections if used to penetrate
- to assess infection and prevent tubal infertility in women
- during the initial evaluation prior to infertility treatment
- to identify HIV infection
- for men who have sex with men
- for those who may have been exposed to hepatitis C
- for HCV
- as a diagnostic test to determine the cause of symptoms or disease
- as a screening test to detect asymptomatic or presymptomatic infections
- as an examination that prospective sexual partners are free from illness before they have sex without safer sex precautions (for example, when initiating long-term monogamous sexual relationships, in fluid bonds, or for procreation).
- as an examination before or during pregnancy, to prevent harm to the baby
- as a postnatal check, to check that the baby has not captured the STI from the mother
- to prevent the use of blood donors or infected organs
- as part of the contact tracing process of known infected individuals
- as part of mass epidemiological surveillance
- Microbotryum violaceum is an STI in plants caused by a fire fungus and infects the plant species Silene latifolia . This mushroom mushroom is propagated by pollinators, where pollen is a male gamete in plants, that is why M. violaceum is called an STI. It also sterilizes infecting plants, regardless of gender.
- Sexually transmitted infection in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- CDC Guidelines for Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2010
- STD photo library in Dermnet
- UNFPA: Breaking the Sexually Transmitted Infections Cycle at UNFPA
- PMS In Color: Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Photos
- [1]: Sexually transmitted diseases in the US.
Parasites
Primary type
Twenty-seven different viruses have been identified in semen. Information on whether or not a transmission occurs or whether a virus causes an uncertain disease. Some of these microbes are known to be sexually transmitted. Found in semen listed by CDC.
Known microbes that can be sexually transmitted (but not considered STDs/STIs) include:
Pathophysiology
Many STIs (more easily) are transmitted through the mucous membranes of the penis, vulva, rectum, urinary tract and (less frequently - depending on the type of infection) of the mouth, throat, respiratory tract and eye. The visible membrane covering the head of the penis is the mucous membrane, although it does not produce mucus (similar to the mouth lip). The mucous membranes are different from the skin because they allow certain pathogens into the body. The amount of contact with the infective source that causes the infection varies with each pathogen but in all cases, the disease can occur even from the light contact of the carrier fluid such as the genital fluid to the mucous membrane.
Some STIs like HIV can be transmitted from mother to child either during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Health professionals suggest safer sex, such as condom use, as a reliable way to reduce the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases during sexual activity, but safer sex can not be considered to provide complete protection from STIs. Transfer and exposure to body fluids, such as blood transfusions and other blood products, sharing needles, needling injuries (when medical staff are accidentally stabbed or stabbed with needles during medical procedures), sharing tattoo needles, and giving birth are other transmission paths. These different ways of placing certain groups, such as medical workers, and people with hemophilia and drug users, especially those at risk.
It is possible to be carriers of sexually transmitted diseases without symptoms. In particular, sexually transmitted diseases in women often cause serious conditions of pelvic inflammatory disease.
Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention strategies to reduce STD risk include: vaccinations, joint monogamy, reduced number of sexual partners and abstinence.
The most effective way to prevent transmission of STIs is to avoid contact of body parts or liquids that can cause transfer with an infected partner. Not all sexual activity involves contact: cybersex, phonesex or masturbation from a distance is a method of avoiding contact. Proper condom use reduces contact and risk. Although condoms are effective in limiting exposure, some disease transmission may occur even with condoms.
Both partners may be tested for STIs before initiating sexual contact, or before continuing contact if the couple makes contact with others. Many infections are not detected immediately after exposure, so sufficient time should be allowed between the possibility of exposure and testing for accurate tests. Certain STIs, especially certain persistent viruses such as HPV, may not be detected by current medical procedures.
Some treatment facilities use home test kits and have the person re-test for follow-up. Other facilities strongly encourage that those previously reinfected ensure that the infection has been eliminated. A new strategy to encourage retesting is the use of text messages and email as a reminder. This type of reminder is now used in addition to phone calls and mail. After obtaining sexual history, healthcare providers can promote risk reduction by providing preventive counseling. Preventive counseling is most effective when administered in a non-judgmental and empathetic manner appropriate to a person's culture, language, sex, sexual orientation, age, and level of development. Preventive counseling for STIs is usually offered to all sexually active adolescents and to all adults who have received the diagnosis, have had an STI within the past year, or have multiple sex partners.
USPSTF recommends high intensity behavior counseling for all sexually active adolescents and for adults with increased risk of STIs. Such interactive counseling, which can be an intensive resource, is directed at one's risk, the situation in which risks occur, and the use of personalized goal setting strategies.
Vaccines
Vaccines are available that protect against some STI viruses, such as Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and some HPV types. Vaccination before initiation of sexual contact is advised to ensure maximum protection. Development of a vaccine to protect against gonorrhea is ongoing.
Condoms
Women's condoms and condoms only provide protection when used properly as a barrier, and only to and from the area they cover. Areas that have not been found are still vulnerable to many STIs.
In the case of HIV, sexual transmission routes almost always involve the penis, because HIV can not spread through unbroken skin; therefore, protecting the penis properly using a condom from the vagina or anus effectively stops HIV transmission. Infected fluid to damaged skin transmitted through direct transmission of HIV will not be considered "sexually transmitted", but theoretically it can still occur during sexual contact. This can be avoided simply by not having sexual contact while presenting an open, bleeding wound.
Other STIs, even viral infections, can be prevented by the use of latex condoms, polyurethane or polyisoprene as a barrier. Some microorganisms and viruses are small enough to pass through the pores in natural skin condoms, but are still too large to pass through latex or synthetic condoms.
Use of the right male condom includes:
To protect yourself and your partner from STIs, old condoms and contents are assumed to be contagious. Therefore, old condoms should be disposed of properly. New condoms are used for every relationship action, as some uses increase the likelihood of damage, defeating effectiveness as a barrier.
Nonoxynol-9
The researchers hope that nonoxynol-9, a vaginal microbicide will help lower the risk of STIs. Experiments, however, have found it ineffective and may place women at a higher risk of HIV infection.
Screening
Certain age groups, people who participate in risky sexual behavior, or those with certain health conditions may require screening. The CDC recommends that women who are sexually active under the age of 25 and those over 25 should be screened for chlamydia and gonorrhea each year. The exact time for screening is during routine pelvic examination and preconceptional evaluation. Nucleic acid amplification tests are the recommended diagnostic method for gonorrhea and chlamydia. This can be done in the urine both in men and women, wipes of the vagina or cervix in women, or urethral wipes in men. Playback can be done:
Diagnosis
The test may be for a single infection, or consist of a number of tests for various STIs, including tests for syphilis, trichomonas, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, hepatitis and HIV. There is no test procedure for all infectious agents.
An IMS test can be used for a number of reasons:
Early identification and treatment outcomes are less an opportunity to spread the disease, and for some conditions may improve treatment outcomes. Often there is a window period after the initial infection where the STI test will be negative. During this period, the infection can be contagious. The duration of this period varies depending on the infection and the test. Diagnosis can also be delayed by the reluctance of an infected person to seek medical professionals. One report shows that people are switching to the Internet rather than to medical professionals for information about STIs to a higher level than other sexual problems.
Management
In the case of rape, the person may be treated prophylactically with antibiotics.
The option to treat a patient pair (index case) diagnosed with chlamydia or gonorrhea is a patient-provided partner therapy, which is a clinical practice of treating the sex partner from the index case by prescribing or prescribing medication to the patient for delivery to the patient. partner without a health care provider first checking the partner.
Epidemiology
In 2008, it was estimated that 500 million people were infected with either syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia or trichomoniasis. There are at least 530 million people who have genital herpes and 290 million women have papillomavirus in humans. STIs other than HIV produce 142,000 deaths by 2013. In the United States there are 19 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections in 2010.
In 2010, 19 million new cases of sexually transmitted infections occurred in women in the United States. A 2008 CDC study found that 25-40% of US teenage girls have sexually transmitted diseases.
AIDS is one of the leading causes of death in Sub-Saharan Africa today. HIV/AIDS is transmitted primarily through unprotected sexual intercourse. More than 1.1 million people are living with HIV/AIDS in the United States, and that disproportionately affects African Americans. Hepatitis B is also considered a sexually transmitted disease because it can spread through sexual contact. The highest rates are found in Asia and Africa and lower levels are in America and Europe. About two billion people worldwide have been infected with the hepatitis B virus.
History
The first well-recorded European outbreak of what is now known as syphilis occurred in 1494 when it broke out between French troops who besieged Napoli in the Italian War 1494-98. This disease may come from the Columbian Exchange. From Naples, the disease swept across Europe, killing more than five million people. As described by Jared Diamond, "Syphilis was first recorded in Europe in 1495, the pustules often cover the body from head to knee, causing flesh to fall from people's faces, and causing death within months." Rendering is much more fatal than today. Diamond concluded, "[B] y 1546, the disease has evolved into a disease with a phenomenon well known to us today." Gonorrhoeae was recorded at least 700 years ago and is associated with a district in Paris formerly known as "Le Clapiers". This is where the prostitutes can be found at that time.
Prior to the discovery of modern medicine, sexually transmitted diseases are generally incurable, and treatment is limited to treat the symptoms of the disease. The first voluntary hospital for venereal disease was established in 1746 at London Lock Hospital. Treatment is not always voluntary: in the second half of the nineteenth century, Infectious Disease Stories were used to catch people suspected of prostitution. In 1924, a number of countries concluded the Brussels Agreement, in which states agreed to provide free or cheap medical care at the port for merchant seafarers with venereal diseases.
The first effective treatment for sexually transmitted diseases is salvarsan, a treatment for syphilis. With the discovery of antibiotics, a large number of sexually transmitted diseases became easily curable, and this, combined with an effective public health campaign against PMS, led to public perception during the 1960s and 1970s that they have ceased to be a serious medical threat.
During this period, the importance of contact tracking in treating STIs was recognized. By tracking the sexual partners of the infected individuals, testing them for infections, treating the infected and tracking their contacts alternately, STI clinics can effectively suppress infections in the general population.
In the 1980s, first genital herpes and later AIDS emerged into public awareness as a sexually transmitted disease that can not be cured by modern medicine. AIDS specifically has a long asymptomatic period - during which time HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus, which causes AIDS) can replicate and the disease can be transmitted to others - followed by periods of symptoms, leading to rapid death unless cured. HIV/AIDS entered the United States from Haiti around 1969. The recognition that AIDS threatens a global pandemic causes public information campaigns and the development of treatments that allow AIDS to be managed by suppressing HIV replication for as long as possible. Contact tracking continues to be an important measure, even when the disease can not be cured, as it helps to contain the infection.
Other names or slang terms
In the 1996 case of sexual harassment filed against Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America by the EEOC, a number of male workers referred to sexually transmitted infections as "souvenirs".
Plants
References
Further reading
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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