carp or Carp Europe ( Cyprinus carpio ) are freshwater fish that are widespread in eutrophic waters in lakes and rivers in Europe and Asia. The indigenous wild population is considered vulnerable to extinction by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), but the species has also been domesticated and introduced (see auqculture) into environments worldwide, and is often regarded as a destructive invasive species, invasive worst in the world. It names the Cyprinidae goldfish family.
Video Common carp
Taxonomy
The two subspecies are:
- C. c. carpio are indigenous in most of Europe (especially the Danube and Volga).
- C. c. yilmaz (Deniz carp) comes from Turkish Anatolia (especially around ÃÆ'â € ¡orum).
The third subspecies, C. c. haematopterus (Amur carp) native to east Asia, was recognized in the past, but authorities have recently treated it as a separate species under the name C. rubrofuscus . Goldfish and various Asian relatives in pure form can be separated by delicacy and also differ in genetics, but they are capable of interbreeding. Common goldfish can also interbreed with common carp ( Carassius auratus ).
Maps Common carp
History
Common goldfish are from Europe and Asia, and have been introduced to every part of the world except the poles. They are the third most commonly introduced species worldwide, and their history as aquaculture originated in Roman times. Goldfish are used as food in many areas, but are also considered pests in some areas due to their ability to compete with native fish. The original genuine goldfish was found in the inland delta of the Danube River about 2000 years ago, and is shaped like a torpedo and golden yellow. It has two pairs of thorns and a scale pattern like a net. Although these fish were originally kept as exploited prisoners, these fish were then preserved in large ponds built specially by the Romans in south-central Europe (verified by the discovery of a fixed goldfish in settlements excavated in the Danube delta area). Since aquaculture is a lucrative agricultural branch, efforts are made to cultivate animals, and cultural systems soon enter spawning pools and grow. A variety of genuine common carp also extends to the Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Aral Sea.
European and Asian subspecies have been domesticated. In Europe, the domestication of carp as a food fish was spread by monks between the 13th and 16th centuries. The wild forms of goldfish had reached the Rhine delta in the 12th century, possibly with the help of humans. Variants that emerge with domestication include mirrors of goldfish, on a large scale, such as mirrors (linear mirrors - scalable except for large rows of scales that run along the rib line from Germany), carp (barely closed except near dorsal fins ), and a full scaly goldfish. The Koi goldfish (???? nishikigoi ) in Japanese, ?? (pinyin: l? YÃÆ'º ) in Chinese) is a domesticated type of ornamental originating from the Niigata region Japan in the 1820s, but its parent species is probably an East Asian carp, probably C. rubrofuscus .
Physiology
The wild goldfish is generally slimmer than the pet shape, with a body length of about four times the height of the body, red meat, and mouth protruding forward. Common goldfish can grow to a very large size if given enough space and nutrition. Their average growth rate by weight is about half the growth rate of carp that is cultivated. They do not reach the length and weight of the cultivated carp, which (range, 3.2-4.8 times) can grow to a maximum length of 120 cm (47 inches), a maximum weight of over 40 kilograms (88 pounds), and the oldest age which is 38 years old. The biggest carp, captured by an angler in January 2010 at Lac de curtons near Bordeaux, France, weighed 42.6 kilograms (94 pounds). The biggest carp, captured by English angler Colin Smith, in 2013 at Etang La Saussaie Fishery, France, weighs 45.59 kilograms (100.5 pounds). The average size of carp is about 40-80 cm (15.75-31.5 inches) and 2-14 kg (4.5-31 pounds).
Habitat
Although tolerant to most conditions, carp would prefer a slow or standing large body of water and soft, vegetative sediments. As school fish, they prefer to be in groups of five or more. They naturally live in temperate climates in fresh or slightly brackish water with a pH of 6.5-9.0 and salinity to about 0.5%, and temperatures of 3 to 35 ° C (37-95 ° F). The ideal temperature is 23 to 30 Â ° C (73-86 Â ° F), with spawning starting at 17 to 18 Â ° C (63-64 Â ° F); they easily survive in the winter in a frozen pond, as long as some free water remains under the ice. Goldfish can tolerate water with very low oxygen levels, by swallowing air on the surface.
Diet
Common goldfish are omnivores. They can eat herbivorous food from aquatic plants, but prefer to scavenge the bottom for insects, crustaceans (including zooplankton), crawfish, and benthic worms.
Reproduction
Egg-layers, typical adult females can put 300,000 eggs in one seed. Although carp usually spawns in spring, in response to rising water and rain temperatures, carp may appear several times in a season. In commercial operations, spawning is often stimulated using a process called hypophysation, in which the lyophilic pituitary extract is injected into the fish. Pituitary extract contains gonadotropic hormones that stimulate gonadal maturation and sex steroid production, which in turn encourages reproduction.
Predation
A carp can sow more than a million eggs a year, but their population remains the same, so the eggs and young children perish the same amount. Eggs and fried foods are often the victims of bacteria, fungi, and various kinds of small predators in the pond environment. Goldfish that survive until adolescence are consumed by other fish such as the northern spear and largemouth bass, and numerous birds (including cormorant birds, herons, goosanders, and ospreys) and mammals (including beavers and mink).
Introduction to other habitats
Common goldfish have been introduced to most continents and around 59 countries. Without natural predators or commercial fishing, they can extensively change their environment because their reproductive rates and their eating habits rub through the basic sediments for food. In feeding, they can damage, uproot, disturb and eat submerged plants, causing serious damage to the original ducks, such as canvas, and fish populations.
In Victoria, Australia, carp has been declared a dangerous fish species, a quantity that can be taken by an unlimited fisherman. In South Australia, it is an offense for this species to be released back into the wild. An Australian company produces plant fertilizer from goldfish.
Attempts to eradicate small colonies of Lake Crescent in Tasmania without the use of chemicals have been successful, but long-term, costly and intensive efforts are examples of the possibility and difficulty to move species safely once they are there. One proposal, considered to be environmentally questionable, is controlling carp fish by deliberately exposing them to the carp's special herpes koi virus with a high mortality rate. CSIRO has developed a technique for genetically modifying carpfish so they only produce male offspring. This childless carp method shows promise to eradicate carp completely from Australian waters.
Goldfish were commonly brought to the United States in 1831. By the end of the 19th century, they were widely distributed throughout the country by the government as food fish, but they are now rarely eaten in the United States, where they are generally regarded as pests.. As in Australia, their introduction has been shown to have negative environmental consequences, and they are usually regarded as invasive species.
In Utah, the goldfish population in Lake Utah is estimated to be 75 percent reduced by using a net to capture millions of them and give it to people who will eat it or process it into fertilizer. This, in turn, will provide the original June sucker the opportunity to recover a declining population. Another method is to trap them in the tributaries they use to lay their eggs with a trawl net and expose them to rotenone. This method has been shown to reduce its impact within 24 hours and greatly increases the original vegetation and species of fish desired. It also makes the young carp easily eaten by native fish.
Commonly presumed goldfish have been introduced to the Canadian province of British Columbia from the state of Washington. They were first recorded in the Okanagan Valley in 1912, as their rapid population growth. Goldfish is currently distributed in low Columbia (Arrow Lakes), Low Kootenay, Kettle (Christina Lake), and the entire Okanagan system.
As a food and sport
Cyprinus carpio is the number 3 fish after the goldfish Grass and Goldfish silver. The annual tonnage of goldfish produced in China alone, not to mention other cyprinids, surpasses the weight of all other fish, such as trout and salmon, which are produced by cultivation around the world. About three million tonnes are produced each year, accounting for 14% of all freshwater fish cultivated in 2002. China is by far the largest commercial producer, accounting for about 70% of goldfish production. Goldfish are eaten in many parts of the world both when caught from the wild and cultivated in aquaculture. In Central Europe, it is a traditional part of Christmas dinner.
Hungarian Fisherman's Soup, a fish special fish carp or mixed with other freshwater fish, is part of traditional food for Christmas Eve in Hungary along with filled cabbage and poppy seed rolls and walnut rolls. The traditional Christmas Christmas supper is a thick soup from the head and edible offal carp, fried carp fried fish with potato salad or goldfish stew with black sauce. In some Czech families, carp is not killed, but after Christmas returns to the river or pond. Christmas Dinner The Slovakian night is quite similar, with soups varying according to the region and the fried goldfish as a main course. In Western Europe, gouramy is cultivated more commonly as sport fish, although there is a small market as a food fish. Goldfish mixed with other common fish to make gefilte fish, which is popular in Jewish cuisine.
Fish gouramy is popular with anglers in many parts of Europe, and their popularity as excavations is slowly rising among the anglers in the United States (though they are generally still considered pests and destroyed in most parts of the US), and southern Canada. Goldfish are also popular with spears, bows, and fly fishermen.
The Romans who maintained the goldfish and the culture of this pond continue through the monasteries of Europe and to this day. In China, Korea and Japan, carp farming occurred at the beginning of the Yayoi Age (around 300 BC - 300 AD).
The carp eggs, used for caviar, are increasingly popular in the United States.
See also
- List of freshwater aquarium fish species
- Rough fish
- Benson, the famous goldfish
- Mud goldfish
References
External links
- Cyprinus carpio Arkive
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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