Bed bugs, or cimicidae, are small parasitic insects. This term usually refers to species that prefer to eat human blood.
Early detection and care is essential for successful control. According to the survey, the most common places are mattress (98.2%), boxspring (93.6%), and the nearest carpet and baseboards (94.1%). In fact, bed bugs develop in areas where there is sufficient supply of available hosts, and many cracks and storage areas within 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) of the host.
Because care is needed in sleeping areas and other sensitive locations, methods other than chemical pesticides are needed. Treatment can be expensive, tiring, time consuming, repetitive, and embarrassing, and can pose a health risk.
Video Bed bug control techniques
Public health law
Bed bug infestation spreads easily in the liaison unit and has a negative effect on the psychological well-being and housing market. In response, many areas have specific laws regarding responsibility when finding bed bugs, especially in hotels and multi-family housing units, because unprofessional response rates can have the effect of extending the invisible part of the tick and passing it to nearby units.
Common law includes the following responsibilities: The lessor must educate all lessees about bedbugs, the lessee must immediately notify the lessor in writing of the infestation finding, the lessor may not intentionally rent the infested unit, the lessee shall not intentionally introduce the full item, the lessor must eradicate immediate infestation every time occurs at a professional level including all liaison units, and the tenant must cooperate in the eradication process.
In a 2015 survey, reports on mattress infestation on social media lowered the hotel room value to $ 38 for business travelers and $ 23 for holiday travelers.
Reports of bed bugs mapped graphically illustrate how difficult it is to remove sleeping bugs in densely populated areas where many people live in adjacent units such as New York City, Los Angeles and San Francisco.
Maps Bed bug control techniques
Pesticides
Although commonly used, pesticide approaches often require multiple visits and may not always be effective due to pesticide resistance and maternal infestation. According to the 2005 survey, only 6.1% of companies claim to be able to eliminate bed bugs in one visit, while 62.6% claim to be able to control the problem in 2-3 visits. The application of insecticides can lead to the spread of bed bugs to neighboring areas of a structure, spreading infestations.
Furthermore, the problem of insecticide resistance in the bed bug population increases their chances of spreading. Studies of the population of bedbugs in the United States show that resistance to pyrethroid insecticide, which is used in most cases of bed bugs, is widespread. Exterminators often require individuals to dispose of furniture and other full materials. It is advisable to break or mark these full items to prevent them from accidentally recycling and resume the spread of bed bugs.
Effectiveness
The well-established survival of mattress lice against DDT and pyrethroid has created the need for a different and newer chemical approach to cotton mattress annihilation. In 2008 a study was conducted on the resistance of bed fleas for various old and new insecticides, with the following results, listed in order from the most effective to the most :: -cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, carbaryl, imidacloprid, fipronil, permethrin, diazinon, spinosyn, dichlorvos, chlorfenapyr, and DDT. Note that the first of these ,? -cyhalothrin, itself a pyrethroid-based insecticide - has in the past been used primarily for the treatment of cotton plants and sleeping insects has not developed genetic resistance against it.
The German Federal Institute for Consumer Health Protection and Veterinary Medicine approved the following three agents for the treatment of bedbugs in 2000:
- agents with direct effects (lasting no more than 2 weeks) contain pyrethrum and piperonyl butoxide, to be used as a fumigant in doses of 6 ml per cubic meter
- agents with long-term effects for use in aerosols may contain beta-sistefluthrin in concentrations of 0.2% to 0.6% and doses of 50-200 ml per square meter
- powders containing propoxur
Until the 1990s, chlorpyrifos were used as agents with long-term effects, but the EC biocide declaration 98/8 was banned from August 2008 and beyond.
Some manufacturers also offer fumigants containing sulfuryl fluoride.
Losses
Non-residue treatment methods such as steaming and vacuuming are preferred over mattress, pillow and bedcover contamination with insecticides. Possible health effects of pesticides on humans and pets from allergic reactions to cancer should be considered, and acute neurotoxicity. as well as the spread of insect beds to neighboring homes due to the insecticidal repellent effect.
Bedbugs prefer to hide inside and around the bed frame but it can still be a good idea to put a tight cotton cover on the mattress and bed to prevent access.
Pesticide resistance
Bed bugs develop resistance to various pesticides including DDT and organophosphates. Some populations have developed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Although now often ineffective, the resistance to pyrethroids allows for new chemicals that work in different ways to be investigated, so chemical management can continue to be one part in completing mattress infestation. There is an increasing interest in synthetic pyrethroids and pyrolysed insecticides, chlorfenapyr. Insect growth regulators, such as hydroprene (Gentrol), are sometimes also used.
The population in Arkansas has been found to be highly resistant to DDT, with LD 50 over 100,000 ppm. DDT appears to make sleep insects more active in research conducted in Africa.
Bed bug pesticide-resistance seems to increase dramatically. The population of bed bugs sampled in the US showed tolerance for the piretroid several thousand times larger than the laboratory bed bugs. Bed bugs in New York City have been found 264 times more resistant to deltamethrin than Florida bed bugs due to mutations and evolution. Products developed in mid-2010 incorporate neonicotinoids with pyrethroids, but according to a January 2016 survey published by the Journal of Medical Entomology, bed resistance in two major US cities now includes neonicotinoids.
Population genetic studies of bed bugs in the United States, Canada, and Australia use mitochondrial DNA markers that find high levels of genetic variation. This indicates the population of bedbugs studied did not experience the genetic barriers as expected from insecticide control during the 1940s and 1950s, but on the contrary, that the population may have been preserved on other hosts such as birds and bats. In contrast to the high genetic variation observed with mitochondrial DNA markers, no genetic variation in the observed nuclear RNA markers was observed. This indicates an increase in the genes of previously isolated bedbug populations, and given the absence of barriers to gene flow, the spread of insecticidal resistance may be rapid.
Physical isolation
Human isolation is tried with many devices and methods including bed bug-proof zipper bed covers, leg-bed trench devices, and other obstacles. However, even with an isolated bed, flea infestation persists if the bed itself is not free from bed bugs, or if the bed is full, which can happen easily.
It's easier to place medium-sized items in a sealed transparent plastic bag (like a plastic bag for freezing, a larger model is there). Once closed, the firmness should be verified by pressing the bag and ensuring that the air does not go out. It's also convenient to mark this sealed bag as 'contaminated'/'decontaminated'.
Inorganic materials
Inorganic materials such as diatomaceous earth or amorphous silica gel may be used in conjunction with other methods to manage maternal infestation infestations, provided they are used in a dry environment. After contact with dust-like materials, the outer layer of wax from the insect's exoskeleton is disrupted, which causes them to become dehydrated.
Ground diatoms food classes have been widely used to combat infestations. However, it can take weeks to have a significant effect. The study examines and compares synthetically produced diatom and earth soils, pure amorphous silica (ie, non-crystalline silica), called silica gel. They investigated the use of these substances as stand-alone treatment in real-life scenarios, and compared them with ordinary toxic agents. They found that the effect of diatom earth is very low when used in real life scenarios, while synthetic products are very effective and quick in killing bed bugs in such settings.
Silica gel is also more effective than ordinary toxic pesticides (especially in cases with pesticide resistant bugs). When applied after being mixed with water and then sprayed, the result for silica gel is significantly lower, but it is still definitely better than for natural silica (used dry). The authors argue that the reason for poor outcomes for diatomaceous soils as stand-alone treatment is multi-factorial. When tested in a laboratory where sleep insects have long and intensive contact with diatomaceous soil and no access to the host, diatomaceous soils perform very well. Silica gel, on the other hand, performs in vitro is consistently good even if applied to sleep insects in very low doses and with very little and short contact (often just seconds or minutes) to the substance.
Although sometimes applied as a safe indoor pesticide treatment to other insects, boric acid is ineffective against bed bugs because bed bugs are not the groom.
Organic matter
Bean leaves
The traditional Balkan method to trap sleeping insects is by spreading the bean leaves in the infested area. Trichomes (hair hooks are microscopic) on the leaves trap insects by piercing the joints of tarsi arthropoda bed bugs. When an insect struggles to gain freedom, it enters itself further into the trunk of a pea leaf. Bed bugs and leaves can then be collected and destroyed. Researchers are testing ways to reproduce this ability with artificial materials.
Essential oil
Many claims have been made about essential oils that kill sleeping insects. However, they are not proven. The FTC is now filing a lawsuit against the company making these claims about this oil, particularly about cedar, cinnamon, lemongrass, peppermint, and cloves.
Contaminated items
Disposal of contaminated areas can reduce the population of bed bugs and non-hatching eggs. Removal of items such as mattress, box spring, sofa etc. Expensive and usually not enough to eradicate infestation because eggs and adults hide in the surrounding area. If all infestations are not removed before bringing personal items and new households or cleaned back home, these items will likely become full and require additional treatment.
Treating clothing, shoes, linens, and other household items in affected environments is difficult and often ineffective because of the difficulty of keeping the cleaned goods quarantined from infestation. Many sleep insecticide specialists recommend removing personal and household items from infested structures. Many metropolitan areas offer more effective treatments such as high heat dryers and dry cleaning with PERC with the added benefit of remaining treated items kept up until bed bug infestation of affected house bugs.
Faulty furniture disposal also facilitates the spread of bed bugs. Marking items removed as infested can help prevent reaching new areas. Bed bugs can go without food for 20 to 400 days, depending on temperature and humidity. The older stages of the nymphs can last longer without eating than the younger, and adults survive without food for more than 400 days in the laboratory at low temperatures. Adults can live up to a year or more, and can exist up to four successive generations per year.
Vacuuming
Vacuuming helps to reduce bed bug infestation, but does not eliminate the hidden bed bugs in the material. Also, unless the contents of the vacuum are emptied immediately after each use, bedbugs can crawl out through the vacuum hoses and rebuild themselves. Vacuuming with large fur attachments can also help remove hidden bugs as well.
Heat treatment
Steam
Steam treatment can effectively kill all stages of bed bugs. To be effective, steam treatment should reach 150-170 degrees Fahrenheit (65 - 75 degrees C) for a sustained period. Unfortunately, bed bugs hide in various places, making steam treatment very tedious, requiring a lot of manpower and time. There is also the risk of steam not penetrating enough material to kill hidden bed bugs. Steam can also damage materials such as lacquered wood, or cause mildew from moisture left behind. Effective treatment requires repetitive and thorough testing of mattresses, box springs, bed sheets, bed covers, pillows, not to mention material and other objects in a room filled with, such as carpets and curtains.
Infested clothing can be effectively treated with high temperature steam ironing. If done thoroughly, this method results in faster disinfection compared to high-temperature washing in the washing machine. However, care must be paid to avoid the whiteness of the ironing clothes.
For volumetric objects (eg pillows, blankets, sleeping bags, carpets), boiling in a large pot for more than 10 minutes is a reliable method. In this way, the lethal temperature spreads with certainty deep inside the object, which is not always the case of cleaning machine washing cycle.
For smaller objects, pouring boiling water from the kettle to the object located in the basin may be enough to kill the lice and eggs.
Clothing dryers
Clothes dryer can be used to kill mattress fleas in clothes and blankets. Infested clothing and bedding was washed first in hot water with detergent, then placed in the dryer for at least 20 minutes with high heat. However, this does not eliminate bed bugs in the mattress, bed frame and the surrounding environment. The sterilized cloth from the dryer is thus easily infested. Continuing to treat the ingredients in this way is labor intensive, and by itself does not eliminate the infestation.
Hot box
Placing items in a heat box, a tool that provides continuous heat at temperatures that kill bedbugs, larvae, and eggs, but it does not damage the clothes, is an option. Pest control companies often rent devices at a nominal cost and may make sense for tourists who often invest in one.
Build heat treatment
This bed bug control method involves increasing the room temperature to or above the killing temperature for bed bugs, which is about 45 ° C (113 ° F). Heat treatment is generally done by professionals, and can be done in one area or entire building. Thermal treatment is generally considered the best method of eradication because it destroys all infestations with a single treatment.
HEPA air filtering is usually used during heat treatment to capture biological particles and materials that can be aerosolized during the heating process.
Holds
Bed bugs can be killed by direct exposure of one hour for a temperature of -16 Â ° C (3 Â ° F); however, bed bugs have a capacity for rapid cold hardening, ie exposure one hour to 0 Â ° C (32 Â ° F) increase their next tolerance to -16 to -16 Â ° C (7 to 3 Â ° F), so this may need to be maintained longer. Freezer temperatures at or below -16 ° C (3 ° F) should be sufficient to eliminate bed bugs and may be used to decontaminate household objects. This temperature range should be effective for killing eggs as well as all the bug stages. However higher temperatures are ineffective, and survival is predicted to temperatures above -12 Â ° C (10 Â ° F) even after 1 week of continuous exposure.
This method requires a freezer that is able to maintain, and set to, a temperature below -16 Â ° C (3 Â ° F). Most home freezers are able to maintain this temperature.
Mushroom
Initial studies have shown the Beauveria bassiana fungus, which has been used for many years as an outdoor organic pesticide, is also very effective at removing bedbugs from cotton spray sprayed with fungus spores. It is also effective against bed colonies because of the spores brought by infected insects back to their homes. Unlike typical insecticides, fungus exposure does not directly kill, but kills insects within five days after exposure. Some people, especially those with an impaired immune system, may react negatively to the presence of concentrated mushrooms directly following the application.
Drugs
Preliminary research has shown that the common medication taken to exclude parasitic worms, ivermectin (Stromectol), also kills bedbugs when taken by humans at normal doses. The drug enters the human bloodstream and if the bedbug bites during that time, the bedbug will die within a few days. Ivermectin is also effective against mosquitoes, which can be useful in controlling malaria.
See also
- Bed bug insect detection
References
External links
- NPMA Bed Bug Fact Sheet
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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